Gay Men And Mutilation Of Nose Cartilage For Gay Women

INTRODUCTION In 1779, Thomas Jefferson proposed a law that would mandate castration for gay men and mutilation of nose cartilage for gay women and Jefferson was considered very liberal for his time. The United States of America would be geared to reject and isolate gays from the start of its formation. In fact, prior to 1962, sodomy was a felony in every state, punished by a lengthy term of imprisonment or hard labor. Before the 20th century, when religion played a bigger role in the daily lives of Americans, many people opposed homosexuality and those who practiced it because they felt it was a sin. God did not approve of homosexuality, so neither would they. This would lead to the scarce amount of openly gay people in the United States during this time to be tremendously discriminated against and ostracized by society. Homophobia would be passed on for generations and generations. In the United States, as early as the turn of the 20th century several groups worked in hiding to avoid persecution and to advance the rights of homosexuals, but little is known about them. A better documented group is Henry Gerber’s Society for Human Rights, formed in Chicago in 1924. It only existed for a few months before disbanding due to the arrests of several of the Society s members. Still, it was officially recognized due to having received a charter from the state of Illinois, and produced the first American publication for gays, Friendship and Freedom. The book states, among other

Smoking Tobacco And The Government. Surprised, Criminalized

Smoking Tobacco and The Government Surprised, criminalized and taxed into submission. Tobacco was once the cash crop of our great nation, upon which are original founders made their mark on history. Yet since the upper-middle class set their sights to smoking in the 1970’s, it has become demonized and socially unacceptable. Furthermore, with the increase of â€Å"sin taxes†, tobacco is one of the highest taxed commodities in the United States. The overarching question is, should the government be so heavily involved in the private affairs of responsible adults? No, they should not. Throughout the 1900’s, up until the late 60’s, smoking was perceived as a sophisticated pastime that the most famous and successful of individuals partake in.†¦show more content†¦While some methods were similar to those used by the tobacco companies, such as utilizing authority figures like doctors, the other common technique was the moral plea. This is clearly illustr ated in a poster used by the American Lung Association which depicts a young girl with the caption â€Å"We all share the same air. Thank you for not smoking.† Government legislation was another avenue that anti-smoking crowd used to prevent people from buying and using tobacco. This was accomplished through taxation and outlawing the use of tobacco products in federal and public spaces. California is a prime example with several laws pertaining to the prohibition of tobacco usage: Section 118885 of the California Health and Safety Code prohibits the use of tobacco is designated public space, Section 5148 of the California Code of Regulations prohibits the use of tobacco products in the workspace, and California Health Safety Code section 118900 strictly limits the use of smoking in restaurants to name a few (Citation). Federal taxes however, are by far the most egregious example of biased discrimination towards tobacco products, having one of the highest tax rates in the c ountry. In 1951 the federal excise tax on cigarettes was only eight cents per pack (Citation). This was steadily raised through the 1900’s and into the early 2000’s, when by 2009 under the Obama administration the rate had reached

Financial Accounting Favorable Financial Market

Question: Discuss about the Financial Accounting for Favorable Financial Market. Answer: Introduction Before the year of 2007, the global markets enjoyed favorable financial market conditions due to private equity boom. However, the Global Financial Crisis in the second half of 2007 resulted in an integrated and continuing crisis of financial that remains unresolved. Evidence suggests that there were several Australian companies have already been collapsed after suffering financial difficulties (Lu et al. 2013). During the circumstances, several numbers of investors have been suffering considerable losses in the capital market of Australia. To highlight the similar business conditions in the past, it is definitely necessary to understand the reason behind such recent corporate collapses in Australia such as HIH Insurance, One.Tel and ABC Learning. Based on the diverse scenarios which putting companies into liquidation, this assignment will find out the consequences and aftermath of events related to the corporate collapses. The purpose of the report is to understand factors that influence the winding up order and breaches of corporate ethics and governance during the period of financial stress. At the initial stage, the assignment will highlight the causes of corporate collapses considering the case scenarios of companies which are mentioned above. In the second part, issues like ethics and governance will be explained which significantly breaches during the financial stress period. Lastly, the significant influence of liabilities in the contribution to the liquidation of the company will also incorporate in this assignment. Discussion: Case scenarios of companies that led up to the liquidation There are several companies have recently faced the adverse financial conditions and later financial collapses. The process of liquidation unfolds different regulatory consequences. Most of the companies have not been able to mitigate their financial obligations when they fell due. In other words, the lack of financial disclosures, ignorance of fundamentals of sound accounting principles is the common features of financial crisis (Guariglia, Spaliara and Tsoukas 2015). The collapse of ABC learning is the perfect example of what happens when the accounting entities does not follow fundamental accounting principles in their due courses. At the end of 2006, ABC Learning was trading on the share market with the value of $8.60 and performed around one in five child care in Australia. Within the two years time span, the shares were valued around 54 cents and the company was placed in the hands of administrators. Later it was observed that ABC learning has wiped out the uncertain claims to represent huge profit at the end of the fiscal year. The company was not considered the amount of annualized interest bill of $12 million. Now the scale of profits reported by ABC Learning is a matter of questionable accounting practices because the misstatement of revenues and earnings in the half year accounts has been main cause of this corporate collapse (Titman 2013). ABCs aggressive acquisitions and the representation of the false intangible assets put the company into the liquidation (Sumsion 2012). In other sense, the exaggerated values of assets and the crisis of liquidity at the end of the entitys report were the main causes of the financial debacle of this child care provider. The incredible fall of HIH Insurance is another case scenario where the entity faced the huge debt in the year of 2001. This is one of the biggest corporate collapses where the insurance company collapsed with debt of about $5.3 billion (Townsend 2008). It was found later that the company transformed their losses into gain by under-reserving and applying the financial reinsurance contracts. During the expansion phase, the company distracted the interest of investors for the aggressive acquisitions made by the company and finishing in paying $300 million for FAI Insurances in the year of 1998. At the time of takeover, both HIH Insurance and FAI were insolvent commercially, although the company was represented a false impression to their stakeholders. The statement of performance of HIH was shown strong financial condition made the entire financial report inaccurate. After the liquidation of HIH, the Australian economy faced the same financial crisis with the corporate collapse of OneTel. This telecommunications company in Australia faced the operating loss of AU$291 million in 2000. According to Titman (2013) both companies faced problems including unstable business strategies, aggressive reporting of financials, poor auditing and unsatisfied corporate governance and less effective working capital mechanism. It was reported that the fundamental problem at both the companies was the individual eagerness in chasing low yield business without the planning of adequate working capital to mitigate the future obligations. Many of the market participants and shareholders of companies confirmed that HIH was faced difficulties due to its aggressive acquisition strategy. On the other hand, the inadequate corporate governance was the major factor of business liquidation of One Tel. Despite the company having the strong position in seven countries with the f igure of annual sales of $Au$653 at the time of the companys winding up offer ensured that OneTel had a dangerous conflict between maximization of profit and the implementation of the sound procedure of corporate governance (Guariglia Spaliara. and Tsoukas 2015). Factors of ethics and governance in the companys financial crisis By the framework of ethical considerations and the sound corporate governance, the reporting entities represent the corporate social responsibilities and financial truth to their shareholders (Tricker 2015). It is all about the control of the power and responsibilities enforcing the values of transparency, professionalism and majority of collective actions that helps to develop the ethical conduct (Bainbridge 2012). In all the above mentioned case scenarios, companies associated with the corporate collapses were failed to maintained transparent financial records and violated the general framework and guidelines of managers of large companies. The associated inherent risk with the valuation of the assets were ignored by the management of ABC Learning is a sense of lack of ethics because the organization was not maintained sound accounting practices and uphold their ethical responsibilities. Furthermore, it was said by Dr Philip Ross, the accounting head of the University of Western Sydney explained the financial debacle of ABC Learning as the failure of regulatory and accounting processes. This can be said that the corporate ethics and governance can lead the financial crisis and inflated the situation of liquidation (Sumsion 2012). The founder of Eddy Groves never concerned about the corporate governance and thus, made ABC Learning into the number of related party transactions under his control. For instance, ABC paid Austock, the broking firm for receiving stake of $27 million in transaction fees. Similarly, the company paid for the untendered renovation and maintenance services of Queensland of the amount of $74 million . To clarify all the transactions, the company always argued that all the mentioned transactions were conducted at arms length. However, the investors failed that it is completely an example of poor corporate governance activities that negative influence the reputation of the company and reduced the level of investors confidence. Moreover ABCs auditor Ernst Young revealed a lot of deliberate attempts to accelerate the revenue at the end of the reporting period. For instance, the auditor identified that the management of ABC Learning reported the compensation payments from the premium developers as the revenue. The sub-standard maintenance of books of account was one of the prime ethical issues in the case of ABC Learning. On the other hand, a number of Directors were found guilty for breaching their duties as directors under the Act of Corporations. After the financial debacle, the significant involvement in the unfair accounting practices of the management people, made them liable for substantial financial penalties. It was pointed out by several journals that all these act of HIH insurance was the example of the breach of ethical behavior (Gillespie and Hurley 2013). However the glaring corporate deficiencies which resulted in the downfall of the HIH came as a shock by many of the observers because the company was maintained a conservative corporate culture over the long period of time. Nevertheless, the aggressive acquisition strategy of HIH Insurance Company never satisfied the interest of shareholders and the firms financial difficulties was largely attributed to these kinds of approaches and financial dilemmas during the maintenance of governance procedures of the corporation. Thus, it was inevi table that the financial crisis of the company was accelerated by the failure of ethical consideration and lack of effectiveness in terms of enforcement and monitoring practices of due diligence (Gillespie and Hurley 2013). Similarly, OneTel collapsed due to number corporate governance failures. Primarily, the two board of directors had excessive control over the decision making procedures among the other board members of the company. Secondly, the lack of financial disclosures had created dissatisfaction among the large investors. OneTel led the investors interest down because the board of directors extensively towards the direction of the CEOs and other executive members of the company instead of large shareholders. This was the reason, the company was not disclosed their true financial position at the time when the firm itself became insolvent. This is the perfect example of the ethical breach and poor governance of the management. Thirdly, the non-executive directors of OneTel w ere failed to maintain an ineffective role due to close association of the CEOs. Furthermore, there was a huge conflict between the management and auditors of the company due to its provision of non-audit services to the firm. Lastly, it was a complete corporate governance failure that the board of directors were not functioned independently and was not able to control the action of management behavior maintaining the efficiency. The above discussion clearly indicates that organization may face financial crisis if business or financial leaders does not follow sound accounting practices and uphold the ethical duties. Importance of liabilities in the context of liquidation of companies The liabilities are indeed a major factor in the context of liquidation of corporate entities. In the most of the liquidation cases, companies found guilty due to undisclosed liabilities in their statement of financial performance (Aras 2016). Inabilities of meeting their liabilities have been found a major factor during the initial stages of financial crisis for the corporations. In the case of the HIH Insurance, the company failed to recover the debt of about $5.3 billion. On the other hand, ABC Learning was placed in the hands of administrators due to scare of liquidity and less adequate working capital management of the company (Shann 2016). Thus both the companies failed to mitigate such huge debts and have found the winding up as an only option. It has also been found that there were significant disparities in terms of the quality of the managerial oversights and control procedures which largely generates the financial obligations over the period of time. Therefore, the liabili ties can be considered as the major factor to the winding up of the firm. Conclusion: As per the ASX guidelines, the companies needs to maintain the best practice approach in corporate governance at the time of the representation of the financial performance of the comapnay in front of stakeholders. The cases of HIH, OneTel and ABC Learning demonstrated that ethical consideration and strong corporate governance can protect companies to the financial crisis. By maintaining the relevant corporate legislation and voluntary codes, the companies need to be practiced during the difficult financial condition of reporting entities. References: Aras, G., 2016, June. Agency Theory: Explaining or Creating Problems? Good Governance and Ethical Behaviour for Sustainable Business. In 28th Annual Meeting. Sase. Bainbridge, S.M., 2012. Corporate governance after the financial crisis. Oxford University Press. Gillespie, N. and Hurley, R., 2013. 8. Trust and the global financial crisis. Handbook of advances in trust research, p.177. Guariglia, A., Spaliara, M.E. and Tsoukas, S., 2015. To what extent does the interest burden affect firm survival? Evidence from a panel of UK firms during the recent financial crisis. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. Lu, X., Lu, X., Guan, H. and Ye, L., 2013. Collapse simulation of reinforced concrete highà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ rise building induced by extreme earthquakes. Earthquake Engineering Structural Dynamics, 42(5), pp.705-723. Shann, E., 2016. An economic history of Australia. Cambridge University Press. Sumsion, J., 2012. ABC Learning and Australian early education and care: a retrospective ethical audit of a radical experiment. Childcare markets local and global: can they deliver an equitable service, pp.209-225. Titman, S., 2013. Financial markets and investment externalities. The Journal of Finance, 68(4), pp.1307-1329. Townsend, J. 2008. International Co-operation in Cross-Border Insolvency: HIH Insurance. Modern Law Review, 71(5), pp.811-822. Tricker, B., 2015. Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA.

Olympic Debate Speech Essay Example For Students

Olympic Debate Speech Essay Ladies and Gentlemen, adjudicator, chairman and fellow debaters. Firstly I would like to rebut the flaws in the oppositions arguments. Baron de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympics said, These five circles represent the five parts of the world, bound by the Olympic idea. It is an honour to be part of the Olympics, a fantastic achievement to any country and individual. So would the world population be capable of giving up something so great that means so much to all of us. Our team has proven throughout this debate that it would be ludicrous to destroy an idea that has lasted throughout the ages to benefit us. Our first speaker Renee defined the topic and covered issues such as:*Olympic history*Para-lympics*BenefitsOur second speaker Josh has proven our case and argued equally important issues such as:*Tourism*Achievements*Peace between countries*Economic growthThe Olympic Games allows the best athletes in the world to match skill and endurance in a series of contests. Almost every nation sends teams of selected athletes to take part. The purposes of the Olympic Games are to foster the ideal of a sound mind in a sound body and to promote friendship among nations. If this is truly being achieved, why should the games be discontinued? How would athletes prove they are the very best? What better forum is there for the many people with disabilities? How else would we unite all nations to be at peace? What about the loss of economic growth should the games cease to exist? This is reason enough to continue the games for centuries to come. Our first speaker Renee educated you on Olympic history, to prove to you how valuable the games are. Olympic achievements are some of the most valuable memories in the history of the human race; we hold them in such high regard. This is one of many reasons to continue the games to leave more historic events for future generations. Josh our second speaker spoke about peace between nations. Our team sees this as an incredible achievement to be able to unite countries and for a second forget political issues and compete under the Olympic flag. At the Sydney Olympics no less than 197 countries competed. So I ask the affirmative how they would explain to those 197 united countries that they could no longer compete for a greater good. The answer is this is impossible to do. There is no way that we can ever forget the Olympic games, they are a part of all of us.

Case Pre -Meningitis Essay Example

Case Pre -Meningitis Essay Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs. Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the inflammations proximity to the brain and spinal cord; therefore the condition is classified as a medical emergency. The most common symptoms of meningitis are headache and neck stiffness associated with fever, confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light (photophobia) or loud noises (phonophobia). In adults, a severe headache is the most common symptom of meningitis – occurring in almost 90% of cases of bacterial meningitis, followed by nuchal rigidity (inability to flex the neck forward passively due to increased neck muscle tone and stiffness). Nuchal rigidity occurs in 70% of adult cases of bacterial meningitis. Other signs of meningism include the presence of positive Kernigs sign or Brudzinskis sign. Kernigs sign is assessed with the patient lying supine, with the hip and knee flexed to 90 degrees. In a patient with a positive Kernigs sign, pain limits passive extension of the knee. A positive Brudzinskis sign occurs when flexion of the neck causes involuntary flexion of the knee and hip. Although Kernigs and Brudzinskis signs are both commonly used to screen for meningitis, the sensitivity of these tests is limited. Our group decided to take this particular case because based in our knowledge before; meningitis can be acquired through a head injury or contusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Pre -Meningitis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Pre -Meningitis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Pre -Meningitis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We became more interested with the case as we get hold of the patient’s chart. Then we found out that meningitis has lots of origin or roots. And as we go on with her chart, we found the three common signs of meningitis, the nuchal rigidity, headache and fever. We want to have more background and knowledge about this disease, because there are still many people that are not aware of this disease, and we want to share our gained knowledge for them to become aware and they will know the risk factors on how it is being acquired. If they become aware of this, they will learn and know how to prevent such diseases and there will be less mortality rate due to meningitis. We are hoping that through this case presentation each of one of us will understand this very well to help other people in the community to become more aware and will live a healthy lifestyle. Patient History ?Patient’s Name: Ms. EE ?Hospital Number: 493132 ?Address: Block 16 Planters, Cainta Rizal ?Date of Birth: April 19, 1991 ?Age: 19 Occupation: unemployed ?Birthplace: Pasig ?Nationality: Filipino ?Religion: Catholic ?Date Admitted: May 4, 2010 @ 9:18 pm Attending Physician: Felix Roberto G. Torres II. NURSING HISTORY A. PAST HEALTH HISTORY ?The client, Ms. EE has had childhood illness such as measles and as she can remember she acquired this when she was 8 years old. She forgot if she has a complete immunization. She has no known allergies to any food, drugs, insects or any other environmental agents. She also said that there is no o ne her family has known communicable or infectious disease. It is her first time to be hospitalized with her chief complaint, which is neck stiffness. Despite of this she does not take any medications to ease her pain. B. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS ?Two weeks prior to admission, patient had carbuncle in the forehead, then after a week the carbuncle spread on nape and right leg. Neither consultation done nor medication taken. Then 5 days prior to admission, the patient developed fever, headache, nausea without vomiting. And still neither consultation done nor medication taken. And 2 days after, she experienced pain of the neck and jaw, drooping of the left eyelid with associated changes in sensorium. The patient consulted at San Lazaro Hospital hence admitted. C. FAMILY HISTORY ?The patient denied of having any familial disease. She said that every member of their family has no known communicable or non-communicable disease. III. PATTERNS OF FUNCTIONING A. PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH ?Ms. EE seems to cope very well in every problem she encounters. But during our interaction with her we found out that she is not a demonstrative person, a shy type and does not want to be asked of so many questions especially about her health conditions.. When it comes to her cognitive patterns, her memory stays the same however she experiences problems when it comes to her eye sight(drooping of the left eyelid), hearing( otitis media), and smelling( with nasal discharges). She’s proud of whom she is but still, she said that she’s not yet satisfied with everything that she has. Now that she’s in the hospital, she looks depressed and not interested in expressing her thoughts and feelings. Before she got hospitalized she’s a happy and living in an ordinary world, as a teenager, she does some night life and fond of having friends. But now, she’s in the hospital, she’s a little bit bored and worried about her condition. ? Interpretation: EE exhibits an unhealthy lifestyle. She’s quite satisfied with what she has right now but still she tries to improve in every aspect. Her self-esteem is negatively projected. She seems having a hard time to adjust with certain problems and tries to hide them. ?Analysis: Each person has certain psychologic needs, such as the need for love, security, and self-esteem, which must be met to maintain psychologic homeostasis. When one or more of these needs is not met or is threatened, certain coping mechanisms are activated to protect the person and provide psychologic homeostais. ?The coping mechanisms families and individuals develop reflect their individual resourcefulness. Families may use coping patterns rather consistently over time or may change their coping strategies when new demands are made on the family. The success of a family largely on how well it copes with the stresses it experiences. (Fundamentals of Nursing 7th ed. by Kozier, Barbara et al. pp 189 and 193) B. SOCIO CULTURAL PATTERNS ?The patient is a typical filipina. She observes the Lenten season, Christmas day, and other Filipino traditions. She believes in certain Filipino myths like that of not sweeping the floor at night for it will surely bring misfortune. During her spare time, she can be seen watching the television. She’s also fond of going to the mall and some parks. And whenever she can, she takes a nap in the afternoon to compensate for her sleepless nights due to her anxiety. She describes her environment as something that is not conducive to healthy living. She has a good relationship with her neighbors. She is unemployed, but whenever her budget is short, she gets help from her siblings. She admitted that their environment is not that conducive for a healthy living, but still their barangay is doing some clean up to improve their community. Before she got hospitalized, her mother is always at her side and during her hospitalization her mother is still there. She prays before she go to sleep at night. †¢Interpretation: EE adheres to what her family has lived up to. She follows cultural norms and respects other cultures as well. ?Analysis: A person’s perceptions of and reactions to hospital experience are influenced by individual factors, including family health beliefs and practices, economic factors and cultural and ethnic backgrounds. (Fundamentals of Nursing by: Taylor et al. P 791) Having a support network (family, friends, or a confidant) and job satisfaction helps people avoid illness. Support people also help the person confirm that illness exists. People with inadequate support networks sometimes allow themselves to become increasingly ill before confirming the illness and seeking therapy. Support people also provide the stimulus for an ill person to become well again. (Fundamentals of Nursing 7th Edition by Barbara Kozier et al. p. 178, 406) SPIRITUAL PATTERNS ?The patient’s belongs to a Religious affiliation called Roman Catholic but admitted that she attend the Sunday mass occasionally. She’s not active in joining religious groups. ?Interpretation: The patient is observing religious practices as a catholic. ?Analysis: Both positive and negative experiences can influence spirituality, and in turn are influenced by the meaning of a person’s spiritual beliefs attribute to them. (Fundamentals of Nursing by: Taylor et al. p. 982) ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 1. Nutrition She eats more than three times a day. It includes lots of rice, meat, poultry, vegetables, and at times a few serving of fruits. She’s not picky when it comes to food. She drinks plenty of fluids. She ate a three day recall in the hospital. When she got hospitalized, her appetite changed. However she eats whatever is served to her. Interpretation: Changes occurred when it comes to the patient’s appetite. She takes enough calories per day. Analysis: The nutritional habits established during young adulthood often lay the foundation for the patterns maintained throughout a person’s life. Many young adults are aware of the food groups but may not be knowledgeable about how many servings of each group they need or how much constitutes a serving. Kozier, Barbara et al. Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice, 7th Edition. p. 1180 Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 2. Elimination She defecates once or twice a day and she said that her stools are brown and are soft with foul smell. She experiences no pain in defecating. She voids at least 5 times a day and more especially when she drinks a lot of fluids. She said that her urine is yellow and has an aromatic odor. During her first week in the hospital, she didn’t void or defecate because she finds doing such hard. But now, she sees to it that she regularly excretes her wastes because she’s also afraid of further complications. Her stool is sometimes scanty and sometimes is copious in amount and brownish in color and with odor. The urine is yellowish in color. Interpretation: The patient experienced discomfort when she was admitted to the hospital. Her bladder and bowel movement changed due to sudden change in environment. Analysis: Bowel and bladder movements differ according to each person; they do not necessarily occur daily. http://www. virginia. edu/studenthealth/ Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 3. Exercise Ms. EE doesn’t perform exercises regularly, for her, walking is her major exercise, but at times, when she feels like it, she jogs along their street in the morning. She’s able to move minimally because of her condition. But she said that she follows what the nurses tell her Interpretation: She’s contented with her own physical activities. She doesn’t consider exercising a priority, thus there are greater chances of impaired physical mobility. Analysis: People often define their health and physical fitness by their activity because mental well being and the effectiveness of body functioning depend largely on their mobility status. Kozier, Barbara et al. Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice, 7th Edition. p. 394 Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 4. Hygiene She takes a bath twice a day, one in the morning and one in the evening. She bathes for 10-20 minutes. She brushes her teeth after every meal and said that she sees to it that it will last for at least 3 minutes. She does not received bed bath and bed shampoo everyday but performs sponge bath at least once a day.. She still brushes her teeth but only when she remembers to do so or if there’s someone to assist her. Interpretation: Her personal hygiene changed much. She appears not well-groomed. Analysis: Bathing produces a sense of well being. it is refreshing and relaxing and frequently improves morale, appearance and self-respect. Kozier, Barbara et al. Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice, 7th Edition. p. 394 Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 5. Substance Abuse EE drinks constantly. She’s a habitual drinkers and smokers. No substance abuse Interpretation: The client is a habitual drinker and smoker. This just goes to show that the patient is living an unhealthy lifestyle. Analysis: The cardiovascular is affected by cigarette smoking. Nicotine increases the heart rate, blood pressure, and peripheral vascular resistance, increasing the heart’s work load. Smoking causes vasoconstriction, and in areas where vessels already are narrowed by atherosclerosis, tissue oxygenation can be impaired. Recent studies suggest that moderate alcohol use may actually reduce the risk of heart disease; however, excessive alcohol intake affects oxygenation several ways. Alcohol is a respiratory depressant, slowing respiration. Alcohol abusers often are malnourished, increasing their risk of anemia and infections. Excess alcohol intake also increases the risk of hypertension. Kozier, Barbara et al. Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice, 7th Edition. p. 1339 Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 6. Sleep and Rest She usually sleeps for 6 hour. From 11pm to 5am. She said that she’s unsatisfied with it and she still feels sleepy during daytime. She sleeps earlier especially when the room is quiet. Interpretation: EE’s sleep cycle improved when she got confined to the hospital. She appears contented and shows no sign of sleep deprivation. Analysis:The sleep wake cycle is very important to young adults they usually have an active lifestyle, and are thought to require 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night but mat may do well on less. Kozier, Barbara et al. Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice, 7th Edition. p. 1116 Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 7. Sexual Activity She’s a lesbian, She doesn’t think of it any more. She’d rather do something else more important than thinking of it. No sexual activity Interpretation: The patient lacks fulfillment in this physiologic aspect. Her perspective detached her from performing and satisfying her sexual urges. Analysis: People experience sexual gratification in many ways, and what is considered normal differs from one individual to another and among cultures. Fundamentals of Nursing by: Taylor et al. p. 932 Physical Assessment: System Review General survey: ?Vital Signs: Temperature: 36. 9  ° via Axilla Pulse Rate: 66 bpm Respiratory Rate: 29 bpm Blood Pressure: 110/60 mmHg Pale and weak in appearance †¢Conscious, and coherent †¢Thin and slightly slouched †¢Appears depressed and shows withdrawal †¢With minimal body odor Integumentary system: †¢Pallor skin and nail beds †¢Normal skin turgor †¢With healing wounds on the forehead †¢Presence of dandruff on scalp EENT: Eyes †¢No edema or tearing †¢Black in color, equal in size, PERRLA (Pupil Equally Round Reactive to Light Accommodation) †¢Both eyes coordinated Ears: †¢With discharges on both ears- foul smelling and greenish †¢Symmetrical †¢Able to hear on both ears Nose: †¢Symmetric and straight †¢With yellowish nasal discharges Throat: †¢No complaints of difficulty in swallowing Musculoskeltal System: †¢Equal on both sides †¢weakness and flaccidity on left leg, †¢with poor ROM †¢(+) nuchal rigidity †¢No swelling and tenderness †¢No bone deformities Respiratory: †¢Equal lung symmetry †¢With equal lung expansion †¢Crakles heard upon auscultation †¢presence cough with bloody sputum, scanty in amount Cardiovascular: †¢with full pulsations †¢normal heart rate †¢no sound heard on auscultations G. I tract: †¢no diarrhea †¢no evidence of liver or spleen enlargement †¢audible bowel sounds †¢no tenderness †¢with normal bowel movement

The Creek essays

The Creek essays The name "Creek" came from the shortening of Ocheese Creek Indians a name given by the English to the native people living along the Ocheese Creek. In time, the name was given to all groups of the Native American Confederacy. All tribes living in Georgia were known to be good hunters and farmers so food was usually not a problem within the tribes. Foods ranging from coastal varieties to fruits and berries. Farmers were noted to be very good at their job. Corn, rice, and potatoes were few of the favorites, because they had large fields in their villages. Before the middle of the 16th century the Creek's controlled almost all of Georgia. At that time the Cherokee began to pressure them to move more inland. A tremendous battle occurred at, Slaughter Gap in Lumpkin County in the late 1600's. After this battle the Creek traveled to line just south of the Etowah River. A later battle in Cherokee County made the Creek south to the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, and west to the Coosa (mostly in Alabama), hence the terms Upper Creek and Lower Creek became common references to the now separate tribes. Different sections of the tribe fought on either the British or American sides. In November 1783, two minor chiefs (Tallassee and Cusseta) ceded Creek land between the Tugaloo and Apalachee Rivers. After the cession, relations between the state of Georgia and the Creek Nation worsened and on April 2, 1786, the Creek Nation declared war. Attacks against settlers on Creek land were carried out. In spite of two tries at the treaty (Shoulderbone, 1786; New York, 1790) there was no peace on the Georgia frontier until after the War of 1812. Although most of the incidents were mainly minor, settlers on the boundary between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia were always afraid of a raid. Before the ...

Cold War Era and the Threats to American Families Essay

Cold War Era and the Threats to American Families - Essay Example For instance, when Cuba fell to Fidel Castro in 1959, they immediately got aid and support from the U.S.S.R.[Shermen, 2004, p. 17]. Likewise with a wide range of nations. In general, the Cold War became a situation where both the US and the USSR continued to expand their interests internationally, and in turn, grew their military power. Included in the growth of the military, was the expansion of nuclear arms. A nuclear bomb was first used by the US on Japan in the Second World War, and its effectiveness became the catalyst for developing these types of bombs in both the US and the USSR. The Cold War was thus synonymous with the 'arms race' [Westad, 2000, p. 207], which would eventually bankrupt the USSR. Explain the specific threats to American citizens. The US lived under the threat of nuclear bombs. These were not just in the USSR, but during that era, were the cargo for bombers constantly circling the world and also, located in allies of the USSR like Cuba. Thus, the US was under threat of being bombed and to a lesser extent, they felt they were under an ideological threat. One of the aspects of the Cold War, was the general fear that communism was expanding and within the US too.

How does a transnational approach modify New Zealand's cultural Essay

How does a transnational approach modify New Zealand's cultural history is it useful Refer to at least 3 course thems - Essay Example The Waitangi treaty recognised the British Sovereignty in NZ and also offered protection to the interests of Maori’s in their traditional lands.The preamble of this treaty in Maori spotlights the creation of a government that would safeguard the interest of tribal community rangatiratanga. As per Brooking and Rebel (1995), NZs immigration policies customarily gave preference to European settlers especially from UK , Protestant Anglo-Celtic origins. NZ due to foreigner settlements , developed a new culture that materialized over centuries of relative separation, leaving from pacific cultures and adopting into the social cultures of hapu, whanau and iwi. This research essay will discuss about the culture , media , the urban society , the missionary and literary that prevailed in New Zealand in 1950 and will analyse how transnational culture has impacted the NZs culture . Culture Cross breed between Maori and Europeans were known as Pakeha. The signing of Treaty of Waitangi can b e regarded as the founding stone of modern citizenship. The NZ was transformed into a major agricultural producer for UK due to the ingress of Pacific citizens in the late 1950s. Later , settlers from Asia also ingressed into NZ1. Maori pre-European culture was oral and footed upon small independent sub-tribes residing in harbours ,valleys , ridges and sculpted hills. Armed conflict stories are much available in the Maori tribal history.Both polygamy and cannibalism were the common features of Maori culture. Tools were made from stones which was known as pounamu and tuhua. For weaving and other purposes , flax was employed. Initial trade in these products was in the barter system. Natural resources like sea, forest and waterways were regarded as sacred and exploitation of these natural resources were under strict supervision namely tapu (holiness),and manna carried over by tohunga.(priests)2. Edward Ned Kelly was the leader of the Kelly Gang.Nel Kelly story was very popular in New Z ealand through the ballads , folklore which praised the bush proscribers as the compelling character of freedom fighters and confrontation to the British authorities in NZ. In the 19th century , bushrangers were regarded as outlaws who frightened the bush country in NZ and Australia. The kelly gang was considered to the last generation of bushrangers in NZ3. â€Å"Cinemas, TVs & Radios† As per Department of Statistics (1975), there were about 600 cinema houses and 36.4 million cinema visitors in NZ in 1950.In 1950s, cinema admission rates were 2 shillings and 10 pence whereas today it is around 9.06 dollars4. Government owned TV New Zealand channels namely TV One and TV2 is free –to-air channels whereas Australian –owned TV 3 and its music channel is in operation in NZ. Some appealing foreign films and documentaries along with Maori subtitle and locally produced programs in Maori are being telecasted through Maori TV channel in NZ. In 1950, Kiwis paid an annual licence fee of more than ? 1 to the post office as the fee for such service as radio was under the state control then. Radio Sport is very active in sports news and commentaries. Radio New Zealand broadcasts current news and cultural programms and is available all through NZ. Local gigs are being broadcasted by the bNet, the student managed radio station,and new alternative music is being broadcasted by the Auckland’s 95Bfm. Tribal radio station namely Waikato’s Radio Tainui which has the country-wide network in NZ. Further , there are other players

Chinese food in the United States( food as culture) Annotated Bibliography

Chinese food in the United States( food as culture) - Annotated Bibliography Example Furthermore, the author determines how the Chinese cuisines have shaped the American cuisines. This source utilizes both primary and secondary evidence on how Chinese food came to America. I find this source to be helpful in explaining the origin of the Chinese foods in the United States. It will help in developing a background for my topic. It will help the reader realize how this food increased in the foreign land, America. The source credibility is from the author who is a writer of different newspapers including the popular New York Times, and has experience in Chinese restaurants. In this article, Hayford explores one of the Chinese Cuisines that has become dominant in the United States. In particular, this researcher examines how â€Å"Chop Suey† went through different challenges before it was accepted in different restraints and be used by different ethnic groups. The Northerners believed that â€Å"Chop Suey† was not authentic (7). Congress laws on immigration after the World War II saw a decline in Chop Suey. As a result of education and restaurants competitiveness, this cuisine was also appreciated. Asian-Americans students use it to embrace national heritage in showing cultural fusion. However, this journal article does not provide methods used in collecting data. Fortunately, its arguments are well explained using both secondary and primary sources of data. This article will be helpful in explaining how Chinese food helps them in embracing their national heritage in the age of cultural fusion. I believe that relating Hayford integration of Chop Suey with china will help in explaining how food can identify a given nation. This article relates to Coe book, which provides history on how different Chinese foods reached the United States. The article credibility comes from the use of primary and secondary data. Also, the author is an independent scholar who has worked

Commercial Exploitation Of Intellectual Property Rights

Commercial Exploitation Of Intellectual Property Rights Nowadays, businesses need to be aware that the value of their enterprises is not based only on physical assets but also on intangible assets, and intellectual property (IP) is the key to protect the value of those assets. It has been estimated that in most technology companies, intangible assets form over 60% of their business value (Shirmon, 2006). The most recognised intellectual property protection is brand, while businesses protect their brands to enhance their value. But in the increasingly competitive environment, the success of many businesses is now based on innovation and new technology. There are four major types of IP including patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret. In general, IP is all about ideas skilfully expressed resulting in innovation and creative works (David, 2009). Innovation in technology is characterised by a process that produces a variety of goods that differ in quality and performances (Cornish, Llewelyin and Aplin, 2010). Ernfried (2003) describes the development of most technologies as an evolutionary rather than a revolutionary process (Suzanne, 2004). It can be identified as a process of creative destruction, in which new technology evolve on the ruins of their technological predecessors. In the essay, I will discuss how each IP could arise by using Psylock invention and in section two I will point out the Commercial Exploitation of IP and some criticism of Intellectual property rights (IPRs). Show me how you type, and I will tell you who you are, this is the concept of Psylock. The company Psylock develops and markets information technology solutions helping businesses to improve security on IT applications. The concept is based on keystroke biometrics technology and has been tested and certified by TÃÅ"V SÃÅ"D for functionality, data security and privacy (Psylock, 2010). Keystroke biometrics technology deals with dynamic characteristics of a persons keystroke behaviour. The system collects numerous individual characteristics such as left or right-handedness, typical typing error, the use of shift keys, dexterity, and assesses these on a person specific basis. In general, Psylock technology is a process of authorisation individuals based on their typing pattern. Applications of Psylock range from e-commerce and online banking to security for computer systems and are available for private users and enterprises (Psylock, 2010). Intellectual Property Application Patent The primary goal of the patent system is to stimulate innovation and commercialisation of technology advances. It provides economic incentives to inventors by granting them monopoly rights for a limited period, normally 20 years (David, 2008). Basically, invention patent is the most valuable and to competitors, potentially the most dangerous of all intellectual property, as it prevent all others from including any form of the invention in their products and services (Alexander, 2008). Any new machines used to manufacture Psylock products and the technology itself can be protectable with patents. A patent may be secured for the United Kingdom either through the British Office (UKIPO) or the European Patent Office (EPO), established under the European Patent Convention 1973 (EPC). Additionally patent can be register internationally through the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). An international registration could take around 41 months (WIPO, 2010). According to the Patent Act 1997, Psylock invention must meet four basic requirements in order to be granted. It must be novel. The present law requires a patented invention to be new (must not have been done before in a way that was available to the public) and may not have been disclosed in any way to the public. In other words, Psylock technology must not previously used or described in any single publication. It must involve an inventive step and non-obvious. In the EPC and the Patent Act 1997, an inventive step is considered to be present if the invention has something which is seen as an invention by an official examiner who is skilled in that subject area. It must be capable of industrial application. In other words, an invention can only be granted which can be made or used in some kind of industry, such as manufacturing, agriculture and any other commercial enterprise. In order to pass this proviso, Psylock technology also must offer some positive benefits to society. It must not fall within any of the categories of subject-matter. This category arose in 1998 when the Court of Appeal for the Federal Circuit clarified the status of business method patents (Cornish, Llewelyin and Aplin, 2010). Most company hires a registered patent attorney or agent to file their patent application. To file a provisional patent application (PPA), Psylock have to pay a filing fee including search fee and examination fee. Cost can run from 1,500 to 3,000 £ not including annual maintenance fee (APO, 2003). Copyright Copyright aims to protect artistic and literary works, such as books, photographs and phonograms. Different from patent, it gives right holders the exclusive right to copy, reproduce, distribute, perform or display their works; and copyright are not granted or issued by a federal agency, instead rights are created as soon as the work is produced (Garima and Avih, 2002). This right is much narrower than a patent, because copyright only protects expression. Copyright law also protects computer programs, user interface, and in some situation design features of manufactured products (David, 2009). Psylocks operating software uses to implement computer system with the technology and the instruction manual could be copyright protected. Under the law, protection of computer programs shall last at a minimum for fifty years, and shall include exclusive rights to rent the programs (Eland, 2008). Software protections affect openness of standards and interfaces, which could be important componen ts of Psylock competitive strategy in the IT industry. Courts have recognised a defence to a charge of copyright infringement since the 1840s, and its codified in the Copyright Act of 1976 (Eland, 2008). However, Psylock must still register their worked with the government before filing suit for infringement. If infringement occurs, Psylock can seek actual damages based on the higher of own lost of profits (Alexander, 2008). Trademarks Trademarks provide protection to the owner of the mark by ensuring the exclusive right to use it to indentify goods or services. It primarily deals with names, logo, slogan and colour, smell, virtually anything that is used to identify the source of the product distinguishes it from competitors (Garima and Avih, 2002). Trademarks are very useful in combination with inventions. For example, Psylocks logo and slogan could be trademarked. It will be a mark that clearly distinguishes Psylock products from those of his competitors, as it will be instantly recognisable by their customers. Basically, a trademark could provide brand-name recognition to products and a patent provide a tool to enforce a monopoly on its utilitarian function (Muzahidul, 2009). Since trademark right last indefinitely as long as it is been used in commerce, it can be a powerful tool of extending a monopoly, initially created by a patent (David, 2009). Trade secret Trade secret protects any confidential formula, or a piece of information which gives its holder a competitive advantage as long as it remains secret. It can include any formula, pattern, device, or compilation of information that is used in business (Suzanne, 2004). Different from patent, trade secret need not be essentially new, novel, or unique and have an unlimited life time (David, 2008). As a result, Psylock could keep source programs as a secret. Unlike all other forms of IP, trade secret allows Psylock to suppress knowledge. Nevertheless, the law encourages the sharing and sale of secrets (Eland, 2008). The court will look at several factors in determining whether information is a trade secret, including the secret holders effort to protect secrecy of the information, how widely the information is known within and outside the holders organisation and whether information provides a commercial, competitive advantage over others (David, 2008). For example, Psylock can share the secret with potential buyers under a nondisclosure agreement (Suzanne, 2004). In general, if any employees without Psylocks permission disclose or sell that trade secret to someone else, then Psylock is entitle to bring an action in court for misappropriation. Commercial Exploitation of IP Instead of commercialising the new invention by the company itself, Psylock may consider taking other ways of exploiting its Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). IPRs may be assigned, whereby the ownership in the whole or part of the right is transferred, or licences may be granted. One option is to use IP as a security for loan. Ownership of the IP, including all the exclusive rights in the IP, can be transferred to another owner for a price (Catherine, 2009). For example, in 1996, Enid Blytons copyright was sold for  £13 Million. One potential problem with selling IPRs is that Psylock will lose the ability to control how the IP is used and developed and hence, Psylock will be unable to prevent the IP from being exploited in a manner prejudicial to the interests of its stakeholders (Donald, 2010). However, parties are free to impose conditions in assignments as to reassignment in the event of certain circumstances (Catherine, 2009). As Psylock is selling security software, he can also enter into a non-exlusive licensing agreement with other IT companies in order to commericalise the invention. Licences dont transfer ownership of the IPRs and can restrict commercialisation geographically (Darrel, 2005). In general, commercialising partners will pay a royalty, fee, or dividend in return for the right to use the IP. Commercialisation may assist Psylock economic growth and can generate profit, but risks could arise from the process of commercialisation and failure to pursue commercialisation. Criticism of IP It is debatable whether IP is necessary to encourage the production of inventions. Hettinger argues that this is built on a contradiction, namely that in order to promote the development of ideas, it is necessary to reduce peoples freedom of using them. (Stephan, 2001). Simons (2006) argues that there would be more innovation, if there were no patent law because more money for research and development would be available if it were not being spent on patents and lawsuits (Brain, 2008). It is possible that companies would have an even greater incentive to innovate if they couldnt rely on a twenty year monopoly. As mention before the idea behind patents is to give the inventor exclusive rights for a limited of period to make, use or sell the invention. But there are some cases in which patents have been used to suppress innovation (Stephanie, 2001). Some companies may take out a patent, or buy someone elses patent, in order to inhibit rivals from entering the market. For example, in 1875, the US company ATT collected patents in order to ensure its monopoly on telephones. The result is that the introduction of radio was retarded for some 20 years (Brain, 2008). Charlie (2008) argues many opponents of IPRs typically support only contractual arrangements to protect ideas and innovation. Assume for example, Psylock creates a Security manual for enterprises and sell it to Company A1 and A2, with a contractual condition that each Company is obligated not to reproduce or sell a copy of the manual to a third party. Under the contract law, any buyers become liable to Psylock, if he breaches these provisions. But the advocates of the contractual approach to IP are mistaken if they believe that private contract can be used to recreate the same type of protection afforded by modern IPRs (Stephan, 2001). Patent and copyright are good against all third parties, regardless of their consent to a contract. Steven(2008) argues a contract, by contrast, binds only parties to the contract not third parties as it is like private law between individuals (Stephan, 2001). Thus if company A relates to third parties the plot of the purchase manual, these third parti es are not bound, by the original contractual obligation between Psylock and company A (Stephan, 2001). Intellectual property rights are key elements needed for companies to gain competitive advantage in their marketplace. The benefits of IPRs are multifaceted as they can assist the business in its marketing, product development, raising financial resources and expanding the existing business through licensing and franchising. However, IPR protection is purely economic. IPR laws are generally inappropriate for defending the rights of local communities. There is a conflict between intangible works and free expression and exchange of ideas. For an enterprise like Psylock, it must have a system that can minimise the opportunity cost of this trade off. A system whereby the company is secured in the knowledge that all IP are protected without infringing on someone elses IPRs. Words Count 1999

cognitive impairment :: essays research papers

A cognitive impairment means there is a change in how a person thinks, reacts to emotions, or behaves. What is going on in the body? A person can be born with a cognitive impairment. In this case, it is usually termed mental retardation. It may result from a birth injury, such as a lack of oxygen. It may also result from a defect as the baby was formed. A cognitive impairment also may occur later in life, following an injury or as part of a disease. What are the signs and symptoms of the condition? A cognitive impairment interferes with the body's normal function. The change may be minor and have little or no impact on a person's daily functioning. In other cases, the impairment may be obvious. A cognitive impairment can range from mild memory problems to exaggerated emotional reactions. It can also entail the complete inability to think independently. What are the causes and risks of the condition? A cognitive impairment may be present when a child is born, which is known as mental retardation. It may also be the result of:  · abuse of prescription medicines, chemicals, street drugs, or alcohol  · a disease, such as Alzheimer disease  · a side effect of some medicines  · a trauma such as head injury Frail, elderly people who are removed from a familiar setting often develop cognitive problems. This may occur when they go to a hospital because of illness or when they are moved to a nursing home. Depending on the cause, cognitive impairments may be temporary or permanent. What can be done to prevent the condition? Cognitive impairment can occur at any age and cannot always be prevented. However, the following measures may be helpful:  · avoiding illegal drugs  · drinking alcohol in moderation or not at all  · following sports safety guidelines for children, adolescents, and adults  · obtaining prenatal care during pregnancy  · using medicines only as directed How is the condition diagnosed? In some cases, mental retardation can be diagnosed at birth. An infant with Down syndrome, for example, is often identified by characteristic features. The diagnosis is confirmed with a chromosome analysis. Other tests used to diagnose cognitive impairments include:  · cognitive testing, which provides information about the individual's memory and thinking skills  · cranial CT scan  · cranial MRI  · spinal tap What are the long-term effects of the condition? A person with cognitive impairment can often live a nearly normal life.

Gender Segregation in ClassroomÂÂ

Gender segregation in educational institutions has been a subject of great deliberation as well as conflict. Proponents of single-sex schools give religious and orthodox arguments to assert that gender segregation is beneficial for the society on an aggregate level. However, critically evaluating the socio-economic situation of the world at present, one can very rightfully decipher that gender segregation fosters and give rise to gender disparity and inequality which is ultimately detrimental to a society in terms of development and progress. From my initial elucidation on the subject of gender segregation, it can rightly be discerned that I, keeping in view, the contemporary mode of life, is strongly in negation of gender segregation in classroom due to the fact that it gives a great chance for the gender imbalance to thrive and prosper which on the long run is extremely unhealthy for any society in modern times. One of the most important roles that can be played in correcting this state of affair is that of parents. Most of the times, it is no one else but a child's own parents who regards that their daughter/son must be taught separately without the interruption by any student of the opposite gender. Gender differences grow deeper in non-segregated schools and myths regarding men's and women's cognitive differences are highlighted more. One of the strongest reasons that underlie the negation of gender segregation in educational institutions, particularly at an initial school level, is primarily the fostering impact that it has on inequality. In his article entitled â€Å"should boys and girls be taught separately in our schools†, the author Ellie Mulcahy critically analyzes and evaluates both sides of the story; the one supporting gender segregation in schools and the one negating it. According to the author and other experts studying the same dilemma , we can assert that when boys and girls are taught separately in schools, the myths regarding men's and women's cognitive differences are highlighted and inculcated or embedded more strongly and deeply into the young minds of the students. The irony however lies in the fact that these differences have no such concrete basis and are just a form of irrational myths that has long been utilized by male chauvinists to gain advantage over the female specie. The writer further stresses that contrary to the mass believe that gender differences casts an immense impact on learning patterns or preferences, the research has not indicated or proved any such thinking (Mulcahy,2017) . This translates to the at that gender differences originated not biologically but is a result of psychological efforts to devalue a woman and disregard her rights to satisfy male ego. Furthermore, many times parents of the students think it right to segregate girls and boys in relation to the gender myths. David Holthose mentions in his article called â€Å"Gender segregation: Separate but effective?† a statement made by girl and which got affirmation from her parent too saying that girls don't question much when boys are around owing to their shyness. (Holthose,2010). This mindset of parents needs to be altered for good. In addition to this, even if some gender differences occur in learning they can possibly not be generalized and hence are subjected to some individual differences. Therefore, we can assert that co-education helps removing perceived and mythical gender differences in learning processes. Co-education helps avoiding gender stereotypes and the students learn gender fairness. David Holthouse has beautifully dealt with the subject of gender segregation in schools in his 2010 article entitled â€Å"Gender segregation: Separate but effective?†. The entire article is suffused with real life examples and testimonies and thinking of teachers, parents, students and experts and hence provides a holistic understanding of the matter. One of the parents named Mark Jones (his views being cited in the same article) regards that through this gender segregation in schools and supporting this form of education serves to support nothing but irrational ideas about gender coming from the â€Å"dark ages†. Students learn gender fairness when they study in co-educational institutions and the supposed ‘weaker gender' gets a chance to compete. The traditional â€Å"heroic behavior† and â€Å"good character† gets reinforced in single sex schools. (Holthouse,2010). By this we mean that boys in single sex schools are made to learn to be more competitive, aggressive and dominating while girls are trained to be more cooperative shy and quiet. Hence, there is more focus on reinforcing gender stereotypes which ultimately creates noncompetitive and least exposed women in future and it is due to this that the social crimes against women such as domestic violence, sexual violence, and other related crimes against women occur worldwide. The roots of such frustrations against women have a long history and schools serve as an institution where such initial judgments are formed. A stark example is given in the article when the author points out that in one specific 6th grade class in segregated school when boys were asked to brainstorm some words they were all related to action and aggressiveness and the girls were asked to imagine their â€Å"dream wedding cake† thereby indirectly telling them that they must think in the terms of gender. This ultimately keeps them away from developing any form of compassion towards opposite gender. In addition to this, boys took more STEM subjects (Science, technology, engineering and mathematics) and girls were inclined to take softer subjects such as Arts and drama and this is reinforced only in single-sex school setting. Conclusively, we can say safely assume that co-education lead students of both gender compete and remove gender specific expectation and roles.Many parents from the West as well as a lot of Muslim parents regard it good for their children especially the girls to get educated in a segregated school because of the free mixing of girls and boys in coeducational institution which can lead to teenage crimes but since this attitude depends on the nurture, children must not be segregated on the basis of this idea. Eventually they will step into a mix world and this attitude of parents will halt their interpersonal skills.Co-education prepares students to learn how to deal with opposite genders as they ultimately had to face in practical lives. Yet another reason for negating gender segregation is because of the fact that since this world is integrated and a mixture of both genders, students when practically exposed to the world won't find it difficult to settle if they have had a combined education system. Never in this century one could possibly find a road where only women are driving, or a departmental store where only men are shopping, or a club where only men are dancing and hence to survive in the corporate world, gender segregation must be dealt with opposition.The proponents of gender segregation in schools are of the view that because of the difference in the learning patterns of girls and boys, they must be segregated. This view also occurs on an online debating platform called debate.org where in order to support their stance on the subject they were of the view that to reach their maximum potential, girls and boys must be kept separately from each other's influence (Debate.org). In addition to this, the intimacies between girls and boys that occur quite easily in co-educational situations have been cited as one of the arguments against non-segregated schools. Although the latter claim by opposition might be true to some extent as seen in the increase in intimation, it can be controlled by enforcing strict rules and regulations. The former view point of segregating them on the basis of their different learning capabilities serve as a support to the already present gender inequity and discrimination faced by females in work places. Also, once they enter their professional lives, children from segregated schools find it hard to catch up with the mixed environment. According to Emily Martin, Deputy Director of the ACLU Women' Rights Program, gender segregation in schools cannot possibly boost learning by either sex because there has been no proven instance of this claim and the thinking that gender differences in cognitive patterns are there too, has no evidence whatsoever. (Holthhose, 2010. While the intimacy argument can be dealt with the inclusion of strict atmosphere in schools and schooling over maintaining a good distance amongst themselves, the opposition view of gender differences in learning only gives a toll to this social disease of gender inequality.Gender segregation must rightfully be dealt with opposition because it serves as a great propagator of gender inequality, strengthens gender myths regarding differences in the learning pattern, snatches the women right to competition and hence is detrimental to society. Therefore, coeducation must be supported so that gender integration and an ultimate success can be achieved.In the light of above arguments, it can be rightfully discerned that in order to uproot the social vices such as gender inequality and foster a modern growth and improvement in our societies, gender segregation in schools must be opposed. Since parents form a great part of their children's lives, they must treat their children openly and attend workshops or lectures where both can get a chance to work out the conflicts regarding this and enjoy the eventual enlightenment and benefits of it.ReferencesShould schools be segregated by gender? (n.d.). Retrieved February 08, 2018, from http://www.debate.org/opinions/should-schools-be-segregated-by-genderHolthouse, D. (2010). Gender Segregation: Separate but Effective? Teaching Tolerence Issue 36.Retrived from: https://www.tolerance.org/magazine/spring-2010/gender-segregation-separate-but-effectiveMulchay,E.(2017). Should boys and girls be taught separately in our schools? The Guardian ,Opinions. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/14/gender-segregation-state-schools-disaster-damage-children

Biography of Ken Mattingly, Apollo and Shuttle Astronaut

Biography of Ken Mattingly, Apollo and Shuttle Astronaut NASA Astronaut Thomas Kenneth Mattingly II was born in Illinois on March 17, 1936, and raised in Florida. He attended Auburn University, where he earned a degree in aeronautical engineering. Mattingly joined the United States Navy in 1958 and earned his aviator wings flying from aircraft carriers until 1963. He attended Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School and was selected as an astronaut in 1966. Mattingly Goes to the Moon Mattinglys first flight to space was aboard the Apollo 16 mission, on April 16, 1972, of which he served as commander. But this wasnt supposed to be his first Apollo mission. Mattingly was originally been scheduled to fly aboard the ill-fated Apollo 13 but was swapped out at the last minute with Jack Swigert after being exposed to measles. Later, when the mission was aborted due to an explosion in a fuel tank, Mattingly was one of the ground crew who worked around the clock to devise a fix that would save the Apollo 13 astronauts and bring them back safely to Earth. Mattinglys lunar trip was the next-to-last crewed moon mission, and during that time, his crewmates John Young and Charles Duke landed in the lunar highlands for a geology expedition to extend our knowledge  of the surface. One unexpected part of the mission became a legend among the astronauts. On the way to the Moon, Mattingly lost his wedding ring somewhere in the spacecraft. In the weightless environment, it simply floated away after he took it off. He spent most of the mission desperately searching for it, even during the hours that Duke and Young were on the surface. All to no avail, until, during a spacewalk on the way home, Mattingly caught sight of the ring floating out to space through the open capsule door. Eventually, it smacked into Charlie Dukes head (who was busy working on the experiment and didnt know it was there). Fortunately, it took a lucky bounce and rebounded back to the spacecraft, where Mattingly was able to catch it and safely return it to his finger. The mission lasted from April 16-27 and resulted in new mapping data of the Moon as well as information from 26 different experiments conducted, in addition to the ring rescue. Career Highlights at NASA Prior to his Apollo missions, Mattingly was part of the support crew for the Apollo 8 mission, which was a precursor to the Moon landings. He also trained as backup command pilot for Apollo 11 landing mission before being assigned to Apollo 13. When the explosion occurred on the spacecraft on its way to the Moon, Mattingly worked with all the teams to come up with solutions for the problems faced by the astronauts onboard. He and others drew on their experiences in simulators, where the training crews were confronted with different disaster scenarios. They improvised solutions based on that training to come up with a way to save the crew and develop a carbon dioxide filter to clear their atmosphere during the trip back home. (Many people know of this mission thanks to the movie of the same name.) Once Apollo 13 was safely home, Mattingly stepped into a management role for the upcoming space shuttle program and began training for his flight aboard Apollo 16. After the Apollo era, Mattingly flew aboard the fourth flight of the first space shuttle, Columbia. It was launched on June 27, 1982, and he was the commander for the trip. He was joined by Henry W. Hartsfield, Jr. as the pilot. The two men studied the effects of temperature extremes on their orbiter and operated a number of science experiments installed in the cabin and payload bay. The mission was successful, despite the need for a quick in-flight repair of a so-called Getaway Special experiment, and landed on July 4, 1982. The next and last mission Mattingly flew for NASA was aboard Discovery in 1985. It was the first classified mission flown for the Department of Defense, from which a secret payload was launched. For his Apollo work, Mattingly was awarded a NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1972. During his career at the agency, he logged 504 hours in space, which includes 73 minutes of extravehicular activity. Post-NASA Ken Mattingly retired from the agency in 1985 and from the Navy the following year, with the rank of rear admiral. He began working at Grumman on the companys space station support programs before becoming Chairman of Universal Space Network. He next took a job with General Dynamics working on Atlas rockets. Eventually, he left that company to work for Lockheed Martin with a focus on the X-33 program. His latest job has been with Systems Planning and Analysis, a defense contractor in Virgina and San Diego. He has received multiple awards for his work, which range from NASA medals to Department of Defense-related service medals. He is honored with an entry at New Mexicos International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo.

Free Essays on Chiropractors

Using basic herbs for medicinal purposes? Never! Most general practitioners would balk. Dating back to the times of the Neanderthal man, living off the land also meant healing off of it. â€Å"Chiropractors use natural medicines to promote general well being and to increase immunities† (Klein). Through the neurological system, parts of the body are connected that wouldn’t be expected. By using this information, Chiropractors can heal a multitude of problems and illnesses. Once very rare in the United States, there are now over 50,000 practicing Chiropractors. Despite being considered an alternative approach to health care, a license is still required to practice in the United States, or anywhere else for that matter. To achieve this, at least two years of college classes (an associates degree) is a prerequisite, but a full four years (a bachelor’s degree) allows a head start. After the undergraduate work is completed, the prospective Chiropractor would apply to and attend Chiropractic school, which can last anywhere from three to six years. During Chiropractic school, anatomy is studied intensely, along with other pertinent subjects. Once licensed and thrown into the working field, Chiropractors can earn anywhere from $20,000 to $200,000, depending on location and clientele base (Workers, 442-443). Chiropractic care, as we know it today, wasn’t established until 1895 by Daniel D. Palmer. He was said to believe that â€Å"deviations of the spinal column, or subluxations, were the cause of practically all diseases and that Chiropractic adjustments was the cure† (Workers, 441). He wasn’t the first to think this way. Dating as far back as 2700 BC, Chinese healers used a method very similar to the ones used to day. Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, is recorded around 400 BC having used spinal manipulation to heal ailments in other areas of the body. Some other lesser known people are Galen, a renowned G... Free Essays on Chiropractors Free Essays on Chiropractors Using basic herbs for medicinal purposes? Never! Most general practitioners would balk. Dating back to the times of the Neanderthal man, living off the land also meant healing off of it. â€Å"Chiropractors use natural medicines to promote general well being and to increase immunities† (Klein). Through the neurological system, parts of the body are connected that wouldn’t be expected. By using this information, Chiropractors can heal a multitude of problems and illnesses. Once very rare in the United States, there are now over 50,000 practicing Chiropractors. Despite being considered an alternative approach to health care, a license is still required to practice in the United States, or anywhere else for that matter. To achieve this, at least two years of college classes (an associates degree) is a prerequisite, but a full four years (a bachelor’s degree) allows a head start. After the undergraduate work is completed, the prospective Chiropractor would apply to and attend Chiropractic school, which can last anywhere from three to six years. During Chiropractic school, anatomy is studied intensely, along with other pertinent subjects. Once licensed and thrown into the working field, Chiropractors can earn anywhere from $20,000 to $200,000, depending on location and clientele base (Workers, 442-443). Chiropractic care, as we know it today, wasn’t established until 1895 by Daniel D. Palmer. He was said to believe that â€Å"deviations of the spinal column, or subluxations, were the cause of practically all diseases and that Chiropractic adjustments was the cure† (Workers, 441). He wasn’t the first to think this way. Dating as far back as 2700 BC, Chinese healers used a method very similar to the ones used to day. Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, is recorded around 400 BC having used spinal manipulation to heal ailments in other areas of the body. Some other lesser known people are Galen, a renowned G...

Social Penetration Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Penetration Theory - Essay Example Typically, most of the friendships rarely go past this stage. Thirdly, the relationship moves to the affective stage where private matters are discussed, and arguments may arise. Physical closeness and intimate touching occasion it. After this stage, the relationship graduates to stability. This is the plateau on which private matters are deeply exhibited each of the involved parties can envisage the expressive response of each other (Altman $ Taylor, 1973). Lastly, depenetration may arise if the costs outdo the benefits accruing from the relationship (Altman $ Taylor, 1973). This theory is well illustrated in music lyrics involving a love story line. The artist first introduces the characters and briefly gives a scenario of how they met. He then describes how they developed an interest in each other and superficial interaction, which is not personal. It is inferentially based on discussion of general issues such as education, economy among others. Later, the artist narrates how intimacy grew between the characters and how they handle arguments and criticism. Lastly, the artist climaxes the lyrics by recounting the aftermath of the relationship; that is if the association survived or depenetrated. In applying the theory in the film titled â€Å"Jack Reacher,† the main character, Reacher, approaches Helen, who is an attorney to a murder suspect. Reacher believes that the suspect is innocent and tries to create rapport with the attorney by making a casual appearance in her office.

Macroeconomics Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Macroeconomics Analysis - Essay Example This is after the government incentives towards installation of solar panels as a way of reducing environmental pollution and provides a cheap source of energy. However, this project draws a great attention to the macroeconomics Analysis, its resultant outcomes and impacts to the economy. Generally, the beginning of the whole project will impact on the GDP. GDP simply refers to Gross Domestic Product, which is the monitory value of the goods and services produced within a country at a particular period of time, probably one year. The GDP comprises of the domestic consumption - the consumer spending, government spending, sum of the county’s business and the total net exports. There will be a general increase in the GDP of the country. On the introduction of the solar panel project, many industries will emerge to produce the solar panels. This will give an additional product in the list of goods produced within the country. A production of excess of the panels will also add to the country’s exports. The government, because it is its initiative to run the project, will also invest in the solar panel project. Many people will also be motivated to get the solar panels installed on their roofs, hence spending on the project. The whole project will create an expansion in the service industry. People, the likes of Cindy will specialise installation of the solar panels. The same specialists may also export their services to other countries who are importing the solar panels. The product of solar panels in substitution to the electricity among other sources of energy will come with intensive support and high demand in the local, domestic and international markets. This demand will be as a result of the product being cheap. Comparing the purchase, installation and maintenance of the solar energy among other types of energy such as generators and

Analysis of Claude Monet's Stacks of Wheat Term Paper

Analysis of Claude Monet's Stacks of Wheat - Term Paper Example Monet asserted the cyclical essence of the seasons and of his own creative activity. Notably, he was unbelievably responsive to the nuances of nature (Art Institute of Chicago, 2000). The melting of the snow was a representation of the earth and the features of the background with the sun glowing gently as opposed to glowing angrily. In this series, the stack seems to loom larger than those in Sunset, Snow Effect, but their actual sizes are roughly equal. His main intention was to see the Stacks of the wheat paintings function both independently and as part of the series (Art Institute of Chicago, 2000). The monumental stacks depicted in the paintings arose 15 to 20 feet and stood just outside the artist’s farmhouse at Giverny. The stack-according to Monet-was a resonant symbol of sustenance and survival (Art Institute of Chicago, 2000). The Stack’s association of abundance and of man’s ability to sustain himself and his animals on the richness of the harvest are obvious and compelling. His subsequent series after the 1891 depicted poplars, the facade of Rouen Cathedral, and later his own garden at Giverny. In Monet’s painting, the sun casts a golden orange over the wheat stack. This shadow was a representation of a contemporary color blue-lavender (Art Institute of Chicago, 2000). Although the mundane subject was dominant throughout the series, the outstanding theme of the series was the transience of light. This concept enabled Monet to use repetition to show nuance of perception as series, weather changes and time of the day (Richard, 1987). The dominant subject provided the foundation from which comparisons could be made in changes of light across this series (Art Institute of Chicago, 2000). Traditionally, it has been thought that the motifs in the Monet's Stacks of Wheat Series paintings were just objects utilized to explore how light, color and form changed during the day and in regard to different weather conditions (Richard, 1987).  

Make Prejudice and Discrimination a Subject in School Essay Example for Free

Make Prejudice and Discrimination a Subject in School Essay Because of the immigration in the world and the great assimilation that are in progress prejudices and discrimination are more important than never before. People need to learn from young ages that it doesnt matter where you come from or what color your skin is, the only thing that matters is your personality and how you respond to other people. Yesterday, in Stockholm, I was talking to my cousin and she told me that I never should live in Tensta because, according to her, its a very dangerous place because it only lives criminals there. Personally Im sure that the majority of the people in Tensta are normal, nice people that never have done anything criminal its only her prejudices that say something different. I see every day how common prejudices are, my friends have prejudices, my family has prejudices and I, that see myself as a very prejudices free person, find sometimes that even I have some prejudices. Discrimination is unfortunately also common in our society. A while ago I read a study that professors at the Linnà © university in Kalmar had written and it showed that the majority of the companies in Sweden discriminated people with Arabic names. If there were two persons with exactly the same qualities and experience in the study, and one of them was named Martin Johansson and the other Abd al Hakim only the first would be called to an interview while the second would be sorted away immediately. But I think that it is easy to forget and that we have to remember that discrimination can work in every way white against black, black against white, men against women, women against men, and so on. Therefore I believe that we have to work for a society that is equal on every scale. I think that a way to solve the problem with prejudices and discrimination is to make it a main subject in school. In that way every kid in Sweden would get information about and be able to discus prejudices and discrimination every week from the age of 6 to 16. I believe that information and knowledge are the key to everything, and in this case the key to an equal society without prejudices and discrimination.

Oppositional World Views: Plato & The Sophists Essay -- essays researc

The Sophist views and beliefs originated in Ancient Greece around 400 B.C.E. The Sophists were known as wandering rhetoricians who gave speeches to those who could afford to listen. The Sophists deeply believed in the power of rhetoric and how it could improve one’s life. Plato on the other hand was opposed to all Sophist beliefs. He viewed the Sophists as rhetorical manipulators who were only interested in how people could be persuaded that they learned the truth, regardless if it was in fact the truth. Plato basically opposed every view the Sophists held true and tried to disprove them throughout his many dialogues. The Sophists and Plato held two very contrasting views and this paper will attempt to sift through them all in hopes of illustrating each one. This paper will first focus on each group. It will begin by identifying both the Sophists and Plato and then citing the significant principles associated with each world view. This paper will then focus on how each compon ent of their world views relate specifically to rhetoric. Finally, this paper will focus on illustrating each world view by way of current newspaper editorial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As noted, the Sophists were rooted in ancient Greece but traveled to many places, giving speeches on rhetoric to those who could afford to listen. Within their teachings, the Sophists focused on rhetorical techniques and how they could be used to successfully argue any side of an argument. They harped on the idea that through their teachings, self improvement could be achieved because those who controlled language had the power. The Sophists were relativists, which means they believed that an individual or society’s beliefs, while true for that particular individual or society, might be untrue for others. (Bizzell P. & Herzberg, B., 2001, pg. 6) The Sophists referred to this as kairos and said that because of it, there could be no absolute truth because the truth was dependent on that particular person’s point of view. They believed that the only knowledge that humans could achieve is knowledge that is probable because absolute knowledge is unattaina ble. The Sophists feel that this probable knowledge can be boiled down through what they refer to as dissoi logoi. This technique, in which each opposing side of an argument is examined in order to identify the probable truth, was developed by Protago... ..., this would be dusting away the debris (the myths) and uncovering the absolute truth of what really happened. Through rhetoric, probable truths such as McDonalds had to pay three million, are cleared out and absolute truths, McDonalds had to pay $640,000, are uncovered. (Doroshow, J. pg.1-3) This is exactly how Plato would have had it. To summarize, the Sophists were traveling rhetoricians who were paid to teach people techniques to becoming great arguers and persuaders. They were relativists who believed there was no absolute truth, only probable. This probable truth was discovered through kairos, dependent on a person’s situation, or dissoi logoi, the truth is uncovered by examining opposing arguments. The philosopher Plato was in opposition to virtually every belief the Sophists had. He believed in absolute truth and that rhetoric and discourse should be used to uncover this truth. He also believed that false rhetoric was that of the Sophists. Whether the Sophist view is correct or Plato’s view is, there is some sort of truth out there and maybe one day it can be decided as to which method best uncovered it. But until then, the debate will rage on, as it did within this paper. Oppositional World Views: Plato & The Sophists Essay -- essays researc The Sophist views and beliefs originated in Ancient Greece around 400 B.C.E. The Sophists were known as wandering rhetoricians who gave speeches to those who could afford to listen. The Sophists deeply believed in the power of rhetoric and how it could improve one’s life. Plato on the other hand was opposed to all Sophist beliefs. He viewed the Sophists as rhetorical manipulators who were only interested in how people could be persuaded that they learned the truth, regardless if it was in fact the truth. Plato basically opposed every view the Sophists held true and tried to disprove them throughout his many dialogues. The Sophists and Plato held two very contrasting views and this paper will attempt to sift through them all in hopes of illustrating each one. This paper will first focus on each group. It will begin by identifying both the Sophists and Plato and then citing the significant principles associated with each world view. This paper will then focus on how each compon ent of their world views relate specifically to rhetoric. Finally, this paper will focus on illustrating each world view by way of current newspaper editorial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As noted, the Sophists were rooted in ancient Greece but traveled to many places, giving speeches on rhetoric to those who could afford to listen. Within their teachings, the Sophists focused on rhetorical techniques and how they could be used to successfully argue any side of an argument. They harped on the idea that through their teachings, self improvement could be achieved because those who controlled language had the power. The Sophists were relativists, which means they believed that an individual or society’s beliefs, while true for that particular individual or society, might be untrue for others. (Bizzell P. & Herzberg, B., 2001, pg. 6) The Sophists referred to this as kairos and said that because of it, there could be no absolute truth because the truth was dependent on that particular person’s point of view. They believed that the only knowledge that humans could achieve is knowledge that is probable because absolute knowledge is unattaina ble. The Sophists feel that this probable knowledge can be boiled down through what they refer to as dissoi logoi. This technique, in which each opposing side of an argument is examined in order to identify the probable truth, was developed by Protago... ..., this would be dusting away the debris (the myths) and uncovering the absolute truth of what really happened. Through rhetoric, probable truths such as McDonalds had to pay three million, are cleared out and absolute truths, McDonalds had to pay $640,000, are uncovered. (Doroshow, J. pg.1-3) This is exactly how Plato would have had it. To summarize, the Sophists were traveling rhetoricians who were paid to teach people techniques to becoming great arguers and persuaders. They were relativists who believed there was no absolute truth, only probable. This probable truth was discovered through kairos, dependent on a person’s situation, or dissoi logoi, the truth is uncovered by examining opposing arguments. The philosopher Plato was in opposition to virtually every belief the Sophists had. He believed in absolute truth and that rhetoric and discourse should be used to uncover this truth. He also believed that false rhetoric was that of the Sophists. Whether the Sophist view is correct or Plato’s view is, there is some sort of truth out there and maybe one day it can be decided as to which method best uncovered it. But until then, the debate will rage on, as it did within this paper.

Principles of communication in adult and social care settings Essay

Ai Identify four different reasons why people communicate Making and developing relationships People communicate to make new relationships. The way I first speak and listen to a newcomer can make them feel welcome or overlooked. As I speak or comment, listen and watch, take an interest, smile and nod, whether to a service user, a member of their family, a colleague or a visiting practitioner I am building and developing my relationship with them. Communication will continue to be the main way I nurture and develop my relationships at work. Read more: Identify different reasons why we communicate  essay Giving and receiving information At work I will be expected to give and receive different types of information. Perhaps a service user confides in me, or a member of their family asks me a question. A colleague could give me instructions a visiting practitioner might make an observation. The information I give, receive and pass on will help me to carry out my work effectively. Expressing needs and feelings Expressing needs and feelings is part of being human and these are communicated through behaviour as well as speech. Most people need to share needs and feelings with each other and in this way build up a sense of trust with the person they confide in. Sharing thoughts and ideas Human process many of their thoughts by discussing them. If I have ideas, questions and opinions about my work, sharing them with colleagues helps to clarify, develop and even change the way I think and act. The way in which I respond to the thought processes of service users could encourage or discourage their sharing with me. Affirming one another Affirmation is about acknowledging and encouraging each other and reassuring individuals of their worth and value. Affirmation is communicated through positive words, praise and gestures. Some care settings use support groups, staff meetings and appraisals as ways of affirming practitioners about their work performance. Aii Describe two ways how communication can affect relationships in an adult social care setting between individuals using the service, their carers, colleagues and other practitioners. The ability to communicate well is a key skill that enables me to work effectively with others. Communication process is much about listening and receiving messages as it is about talking and giving messages. As a care worker I need to be skilled in both aspects. My communication skills will develop and become more effective as I gain experience in my work role, learning from observing more experienced colleagues. Learning from others, seeking for advice and using support are all part of this process. During my work with service users there will be specific situations where good communication skills are particularly necessary. Sharing information In a care setting it is vital that information is shared appropriately between workers to enable each member of team to carry out his or her role effectively. I will also need to share information with service users and their relatives. Sometimes the information might be of a sensitive nature, such as when breaking bad news or dealing with private information, and I will need to be especially sensitive. In the course of my work I will need to find out information, pass on information and listen information. Providing support Communication is the main way in which I continue to sustain relationships and build this up. As a health and social care worker I will need to offer support to service users and their families and this is enabled through both verbal and nonverbal communication. I will need to listen, as much as I  speak and the use of appropriate and non intrusive touch can add to sense of being supportive. Aiii Using the table below, identify three ways of finding out the communication and language needs of an individual. For each method, describe how effective it is at establishing the needs of the individual. Asking/Observing the Individual. Asking/Observing is probably the best way of establishing the individual’s communication and language needs as this would immediately allow me to establish their usual language, if they are visually or hearing impaired etc. Check the Care plan for the individuals communication needs. The Care plan can be a good source of information on the needs of the resident, but if documented incorrectly due to human error this method becomes ineffective. If the first two don’t provide me with the needed information I could ask resident’s family, friends, doctor or other professionals who have worked with the individual. This is another effective method, only to be used if the first two fail. Aiv Describe three factors to consider when promoting effective communication Proximity. Physical distance: the better you know a person the closer I am likely to be physically. Closeness can encourage sharing. Positioning chairs at an angle rather than side by side makes it physically easier to talk to another person. Sitting directly opposite is more formal and can feel confrontational. Sometimes a table between me helps a person feel protected. Yelling from one room to another doesn’t aid communication. Orientation. Body position: leaning forward can communicate that you are interested, but too close might invade â€Å"body space†. Turning away can show lack of interest , but standing directly opposite a person can be too direct, where being at  an angle can provide a helpful space. Posture. Behaviour: folded arms can look defensive and discourage communication. Friends and family without realising, often mirror the other person’s posture during conversation, which is thought to increase a sense of familiarity. Standing over a person who is seated might feel patronising or threatening. Av Describe three verbal and three non verbal communication methods and styles that a social care worker may use in an adult care setting. Communication is a complex process made up of many different elements to do with verbal and non verbal language. These are reflected in a range of communication styles and methods. Communication is also a two-way process that must take into consideration the reactions of others and respond appropriately. To be a skilled communicator and interpreter of communication I must pay close attention to my words and actions, as well as the words and actions of others. Verbal communication. It’s about the choice of words being spoken, but also the way the words are said. Vocabulary. Choosing words that are appropriate to the service user’s level of understanding is important. Perhaps English is not their first language, or they have communication difficulties associated with a physical condition. At the same time, I need to be aware of not being too simplistic and coming across as patronising. Tone of voice. Tone of voice concerns the emotional message being conveyed alongside the spoken words. When these don’t match, people can become aware of my emotions and will pick up whether I am irritated or anxious, for example. Pitch of voice. Pitch of voice concerns how low or high my voice sounds. Speaking in a low voice can be calming and soothing, but too low and I can sound boring. In contrast, a high pitch can sound shrill and be unpleasant to listen to. Non verbal communication Non-verbal communication is a form of communication that take place almost subconsciously, that is, without being aware of thinking. It provides clues about the meaning of spoken language. Body language. Body language relates to the way my body reflects my thoughts and feelings. This can add emphasis to my words, but if I don’t really mean what I am saying it can also reveal a truer and contradictory message beneath my words. For example, exclaiming, â€Å"how fascinating† might sound as though I am interested, but body language of tapping fingers, poor eye contact and stifled yawns betrays I am actually bored. Gestures. Gestures are signs made with the hands and arms to illustrate or emphasise my words or to stand in place of words. People often gesticulate during conversations without really thinking about it. I might see someone gesticulating while talking on the phone, even though the person receiving the call cannot see their gestures. Some gestures are understood across many different countries of the world, such as thumbs up, meaning â€Å"good news†, but not all the gesture are universal and instead of clarifying a message, could create a confusion. Eye contact. Eye contact is very important and sometimes it is difficult to know if a person is telling the truth unless I can look into their eyes. Holding someone gaze is a sign of intimacy, but to do so with a person I don’t know well can feel uncomfortable, even threatening. During most conversations it is normal for my gaze to flit to and from another’s face. When working with service users who have communication difficulties it can help to exaggerate elements of non-verbal communication to provide more clues about my spoken message. Avi Explain why it is important to respond to an individual’s reactions  during communication. The following qualities will help to respond appropriately to the communication of others. Awareness of how my communication is being received. Look for nonverbal cues that indicates the recipient’s interest and understanding and equally those that indicate misunderstanding or boredom. Sensitivity to tune into my recipient’s emotional responses to my words. Flexibility to change the way I am saying something in order to clarify my meaning and increase understanding. Communication techniques. Some communication techniques assist with the process of responding to the reactions of others. Echoing. Echoing is a technique where I repeat back what a person has said in a way that both checks my understanding of their words and also affirms the underlying feeling being expressed. For example, if a distressed resident of a care home tells me she thinks someone has stolen items from her room, I might say, â€Å"It must be upsetting for you to think someone has been interfering with your personal belongings.† Mirroring. Mirroring is a communication technique used to improve rapport with another person. In many cases it happens naturally, where one person reflects the other person’s physical positions and mannerisms, their tone of voice, word use and communication style. Asking questions. If I want a person to express their ideas and feelings I am best to ask open questions which invite broader responses. ‘How are you feeling today’ Is and example, where a service user is free to respond in a way they choose. If I ask a closed question the answer is usually reduced to one word, for example ‘Are you feeling better today?’ Invites a ‘yes’ or a ‘no’ Avii Explain how an individual’s background can influence the way they  communicate. Communication is all about sharing with one another and yet each person communicates slightly differently according to their different background and experience. The impact of differences. Diversity is something to be celebrated and enjoyed, but our differences can also lead to misunderstanding and different interpretations of the same communication Cultural background. Cultural differences refer to a variety of different influences, such as family background, peer group, religion, and ethnicity. These all play a part in shaping the way a person views the world and spin dot it. Cultural differences are revealed by particulars attitudes, values and practices, all of which have bearing on how a person communicates and understands the communication of others. For example, if an individual comes from a family where it is usual to make decisions through noisy and heated discussions, this person might find it difficult to accept an order without question. Individual personality. Although individuals share personality traits in common with others, the unique make-up of these and the way they operate together is individual to that person. One individual might be quiet and reserved, another enthusiastic and bubbly and this will affect the way each communicates and responds to communication. Levels of confidence. All communication requires a certain amount of confidence to speak up, make a statement, or share with others through spoken or written words. Sometimes a person has had their confidence undermined by a previous experience of communication, such as being misunderstood, or laughed at for mispronouncing a word, or perhaps an experience from childhood, such as failing their English exams. Confidence builds up over time but can be knocked down in seconds by a thoughtless or unkind response. Competence in communication skills Literacy skills refer to a person’s competence in reading, writing and speaking in a particular language. The service users I work with may be a different levels of competence in literacy and need to be communicated with a level they can cope with. Some adults struggle with literacy and may feel embarrassed by their difficulties. As well as literacy skills, some individuals will have better access to and be more competent using information and computer technology (ICT) than others. I should not assume that everyone I have dealings with at work has access to the internet and email, or mobile phones, or that they are competent in using such technology. Aviii Identify three examples of barriers to communication and explain how you could overcome each barrier. Barrier: sender speaks different language. Overcome: to have a translator or a dictionary Barrier: poor or incomplete information selection. Overcome: to give as many details possible Barrier: hearing difficulties, visual difficulties. Overcome: to seek for medical advice and find a way of communication Barrier: sender cannot express message clearly, I speech or writing. Overcome: to use body language and sign language Barrier: distraction. Overcome: to change the environment, to focus Aix Describe two strategies that you could use to clarify misunderstanding Communication is a complex process and Health and social care is a complex area, so it is inevitable that misunderstandings will arise from time to time. When a. Is understanding happens it is important to have a range if methods to clarify the situation and improve communication. Adapt my message: Sometimes the message needs to be said or written in a different way. Perhaps the tone need to change, or the message style. The language I have used might need to be simplified. Maybe a phone conversation has been unsatisfactory in some way, but a face to face meeting would help establish better communication. Change the environment: It might be necessary to make changes to the environment to enable better communication. For example, if I am conducting a meeting in an office where people are constantly coming in and out, or the phone keeps ringing, I will need to find a quieter place to speak. Ask for feedback: In most situations it is acceptable to stop the flow of conversation with the person I am speaking with to check that I have understood correctly what is being spoken about. Equally, I can check that the person I am communicating with can hear me or understand me. Ax A social care worker wants to enable more effective communication with individuals using the service. Explain how they could access extra support or service that they may be helpful. There is a range of support available to enable effective communication with the service users I work with and members of their family. Importantly, individuals need to be informed about these services and be able to access them. For example: – support available via local authorities and services, such as NHS and adult social services departments. Help is also available from national charities, such as ICAN, for speech and language needs and the national Autistic society for those with autism. – The Citizens Advice Bureau (CAB) is another source for advice and assistance on advocacy, translation and interpretation. – in addition there may be projects operating in local areas and these are likely to be advertised at a local library or community centre, or in a health centre. Communication support tends to include these categories: – speech and language services – translation and interpreting services – language service professionals (LSP) – advocacy services. Task B case study You are a social worker and a service user, Hannah, tells you she is unhappy  taking her medication. She thinks she does not need it and so she is throwing it away. You know from her care plan that Hannah does not need to take the medication regularly and gets confused. Hannah begs you to keep this confidential and not to tell anyone especially her daughter, who she sees regularly, as her daughter will be very angry. Bi How would you explain the term ‘confidentiality to Hannah’ I would say to Hannah that confidentiality refers to the need to handle personal information in ways that are appropriate, safe and professional and meet legal requirements. And it is my duty of care to look after her and to inform the appropriate people about possible situations when she might be at risk. In this case, not taking medication could be a risk for her mental health and I need to report to my managers in first instance and to seek for medical advice or other professional advice if need it and to explain all this to Hannah. And also that might need to involve family if necessary or if it specified in Care plan. Bii Describe the possible tensions that may arise between telling others or Hannah’s decisions and keeping this information totally confidential. The relationship I built with service users and their families are central to my care role. If I share their personal information with others who have no need or right to know I risk breaking their trust in me. Hannah also needs to know thee are secure systems and procedures operating in the care stating to protect confidential information. Some information must be kept confidential for safety reasons. For example, some service users as categorised as vulnerable adults, such as a person with special needs whose wearer outs might need to be protected from a relative who abused them in some way in the past. Biii Describe ways to maintain confidentiality in day to day communication A great deal of information will pass around at my work placement through conversations, hand-over reports, letters, written reports and emails. Some  of it will be confidential and I need to know how to manage this appropriately in a care setting. If I am unsure whether information is confidential, ask a senior member of staff. Spoken information: Oral information can be transferred via face to face conversations, or over the phone. These might take place during meetings, or in less formal settings. If I need to discuss a confidential matter with a service user, family member, or with a colleague or visiting practitioner, I have to make sure I find somewhere private where I will not be interrupted or overheard. In care settings it is not generally the policy to discuss confidential matters over the telephone, unless I can verify the person is who they claim to be. Never leave confidential messages on an answering machine. Do not at any time be tempted to gossip about confidential work matters. Paper information: Personal records including notes, reports and letters concerning individual service and their families should be kept together in a file which is locked in a safe place. A lockable filing cabinet is inky safe if keys are not left lying around. Equally, rooms with keypads are not secure if the door has been propped open. To be aware of leaving documents around such as diaries, telephone messages and faxes if these contains confidential information. Many organisations have a policy that personal records must not be removed from their workplace, because could be lost, seen by others, damaged, or the information could be taken and used wrongly. Electronic information: These days great deal of information is stored and transferred electronically, via computer. Computer files should be protected using passwords which are only shared with authorised individuals. Care must be taken to close private documents after use, to prevent individuals who are passing from catching sight of the screen. To be vigilant when transporting information between computers via memory pens or discs. To make sure the memory pen doesn’t get lost and that the information doesn’t remain on the hard drive of the computer it was played on. Biv Explain when and how a social care worker should get advice about  confidentiality Anytime need it. We can always ask our superiors for advice, read policies and procedures and talk with appropriate bodies. When we are not sure about a situation or a person we should always double check first with our manager and to go to their files or documents and find out more information. We can always ask HR department as well.