Case Pre -Meningitis Essay Example

Case Pre -Meningitis Essay Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs. Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the inflammations proximity to the brain and spinal cord; therefore the condition is classified as a medical emergency. The most common symptoms of meningitis are headache and neck stiffness associated with fever, confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light (photophobia) or loud noises (phonophobia). In adults, a severe headache is the most common symptom of meningitis – occurring in almost 90% of cases of bacterial meningitis, followed by nuchal rigidity (inability to flex the neck forward passively due to increased neck muscle tone and stiffness). Nuchal rigidity occurs in 70% of adult cases of bacterial meningitis. Other signs of meningism include the presence of positive Kernigs sign or Brudzinskis sign. Kernigs sign is assessed with the patient lying supine, with the hip and knee flexed to 90 degrees. In a patient with a positive Kernigs sign, pain limits passive extension of the knee. A positive Brudzinskis sign occurs when flexion of the neck causes involuntary flexion of the knee and hip. Although Kernigs and Brudzinskis signs are both commonly used to screen for meningitis, the sensitivity of these tests is limited. Our group decided to take this particular case because based in our knowledge before; meningitis can be acquired through a head injury or contusion. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Pre -Meningitis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Pre -Meningitis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Pre -Meningitis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We became more interested with the case as we get hold of the patient’s chart. Then we found out that meningitis has lots of origin or roots. And as we go on with her chart, we found the three common signs of meningitis, the nuchal rigidity, headache and fever. We want to have more background and knowledge about this disease, because there are still many people that are not aware of this disease, and we want to share our gained knowledge for them to become aware and they will know the risk factors on how it is being acquired. If they become aware of this, they will learn and know how to prevent such diseases and there will be less mortality rate due to meningitis. We are hoping that through this case presentation each of one of us will understand this very well to help other people in the community to become more aware and will live a healthy lifestyle. Patient History ?Patient’s Name: Ms. EE ?Hospital Number: 493132 ?Address: Block 16 Planters, Cainta Rizal ?Date of Birth: April 19, 1991 ?Age: 19 Occupation: unemployed ?Birthplace: Pasig ?Nationality: Filipino ?Religion: Catholic ?Date Admitted: May 4, 2010 @ 9:18 pm Attending Physician: Felix Roberto G. Torres II. NURSING HISTORY A. PAST HEALTH HISTORY ?The client, Ms. EE has had childhood illness such as measles and as she can remember she acquired this when she was 8 years old. She forgot if she has a complete immunization. She has no known allergies to any food, drugs, insects or any other environmental agents. She also said that there is no o ne her family has known communicable or infectious disease. It is her first time to be hospitalized with her chief complaint, which is neck stiffness. Despite of this she does not take any medications to ease her pain. B. HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS ?Two weeks prior to admission, patient had carbuncle in the forehead, then after a week the carbuncle spread on nape and right leg. Neither consultation done nor medication taken. Then 5 days prior to admission, the patient developed fever, headache, nausea without vomiting. And still neither consultation done nor medication taken. And 2 days after, she experienced pain of the neck and jaw, drooping of the left eyelid with associated changes in sensorium. The patient consulted at San Lazaro Hospital hence admitted. C. FAMILY HISTORY ?The patient denied of having any familial disease. She said that every member of their family has no known communicable or non-communicable disease. III. PATTERNS OF FUNCTIONING A. PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH ?Ms. EE seems to cope very well in every problem she encounters. But during our interaction with her we found out that she is not a demonstrative person, a shy type and does not want to be asked of so many questions especially about her health conditions.. When it comes to her cognitive patterns, her memory stays the same however she experiences problems when it comes to her eye sight(drooping of the left eyelid), hearing( otitis media), and smelling( with nasal discharges). She’s proud of whom she is but still, she said that she’s not yet satisfied with everything that she has. Now that she’s in the hospital, she looks depressed and not interested in expressing her thoughts and feelings. Before she got hospitalized she’s a happy and living in an ordinary world, as a teenager, she does some night life and fond of having friends. But now, she’s in the hospital, she’s a little bit bored and worried about her condition. ? Interpretation: EE exhibits an unhealthy lifestyle. She’s quite satisfied with what she has right now but still she tries to improve in every aspect. Her self-esteem is negatively projected. She seems having a hard time to adjust with certain problems and tries to hide them. ?Analysis: Each person has certain psychologic needs, such as the need for love, security, and self-esteem, which must be met to maintain psychologic homeostasis. When one or more of these needs is not met or is threatened, certain coping mechanisms are activated to protect the person and provide psychologic homeostais. ?The coping mechanisms families and individuals develop reflect their individual resourcefulness. Families may use coping patterns rather consistently over time or may change their coping strategies when new demands are made on the family. The success of a family largely on how well it copes with the stresses it experiences. (Fundamentals of Nursing 7th ed. by Kozier, Barbara et al. pp 189 and 193) B. SOCIO CULTURAL PATTERNS ?The patient is a typical filipina. She observes the Lenten season, Christmas day, and other Filipino traditions. She believes in certain Filipino myths like that of not sweeping the floor at night for it will surely bring misfortune. During her spare time, she can be seen watching the television. She’s also fond of going to the mall and some parks. And whenever she can, she takes a nap in the afternoon to compensate for her sleepless nights due to her anxiety. She describes her environment as something that is not conducive to healthy living. She has a good relationship with her neighbors. She is unemployed, but whenever her budget is short, she gets help from her siblings. She admitted that their environment is not that conducive for a healthy living, but still their barangay is doing some clean up to improve their community. Before she got hospitalized, her mother is always at her side and during her hospitalization her mother is still there. She prays before she go to sleep at night. †¢Interpretation: EE adheres to what her family has lived up to. She follows cultural norms and respects other cultures as well. ?Analysis: A person’s perceptions of and reactions to hospital experience are influenced by individual factors, including family health beliefs and practices, economic factors and cultural and ethnic backgrounds. (Fundamentals of Nursing by: Taylor et al. P 791) Having a support network (family, friends, or a confidant) and job satisfaction helps people avoid illness. Support people also help the person confirm that illness exists. People with inadequate support networks sometimes allow themselves to become increasingly ill before confirming the illness and seeking therapy. Support people also provide the stimulus for an ill person to become well again. (Fundamentals of Nursing 7th Edition by Barbara Kozier et al. p. 178, 406) SPIRITUAL PATTERNS ?The patient’s belongs to a Religious affiliation called Roman Catholic but admitted that she attend the Sunday mass occasionally. She’s not active in joining religious groups. ?Interpretation: The patient is observing religious practices as a catholic. ?Analysis: Both positive and negative experiences can influence spirituality, and in turn are influenced by the meaning of a person’s spiritual beliefs attribute to them. (Fundamentals of Nursing by: Taylor et al. p. 982) ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 1. Nutrition She eats more than three times a day. It includes lots of rice, meat, poultry, vegetables, and at times a few serving of fruits. She’s not picky when it comes to food. She drinks plenty of fluids. She ate a three day recall in the hospital. When she got hospitalized, her appetite changed. However she eats whatever is served to her. Interpretation: Changes occurred when it comes to the patient’s appetite. She takes enough calories per day. Analysis: The nutritional habits established during young adulthood often lay the foundation for the patterns maintained throughout a person’s life. Many young adults are aware of the food groups but may not be knowledgeable about how many servings of each group they need or how much constitutes a serving. Kozier, Barbara et al. Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice, 7th Edition. p. 1180 Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 2. Elimination She defecates once or twice a day and she said that her stools are brown and are soft with foul smell. She experiences no pain in defecating. She voids at least 5 times a day and more especially when she drinks a lot of fluids. She said that her urine is yellow and has an aromatic odor. During her first week in the hospital, she didn’t void or defecate because she finds doing such hard. But now, she sees to it that she regularly excretes her wastes because she’s also afraid of further complications. Her stool is sometimes scanty and sometimes is copious in amount and brownish in color and with odor. The urine is yellowish in color. Interpretation: The patient experienced discomfort when she was admitted to the hospital. Her bladder and bowel movement changed due to sudden change in environment. Analysis: Bowel and bladder movements differ according to each person; they do not necessarily occur daily. http://www. virginia. edu/studenthealth/ Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 3. Exercise Ms. EE doesn’t perform exercises regularly, for her, walking is her major exercise, but at times, when she feels like it, she jogs along their street in the morning. She’s able to move minimally because of her condition. But she said that she follows what the nurses tell her Interpretation: She’s contented with her own physical activities. She doesn’t consider exercising a priority, thus there are greater chances of impaired physical mobility. Analysis: People often define their health and physical fitness by their activity because mental well being and the effectiveness of body functioning depend largely on their mobility status. Kozier, Barbara et al. Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice, 7th Edition. p. 394 Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 4. Hygiene She takes a bath twice a day, one in the morning and one in the evening. She bathes for 10-20 minutes. She brushes her teeth after every meal and said that she sees to it that it will last for at least 3 minutes. She does not received bed bath and bed shampoo everyday but performs sponge bath at least once a day.. She still brushes her teeth but only when she remembers to do so or if there’s someone to assist her. Interpretation: Her personal hygiene changed much. She appears not well-groomed. Analysis: Bathing produces a sense of well being. it is refreshing and relaxing and frequently improves morale, appearance and self-respect. Kozier, Barbara et al. Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice, 7th Edition. p. 394 Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 5. Substance Abuse EE drinks constantly. She’s a habitual drinkers and smokers. No substance abuse Interpretation: The client is a habitual drinker and smoker. This just goes to show that the patient is living an unhealthy lifestyle. Analysis: The cardiovascular is affected by cigarette smoking. Nicotine increases the heart rate, blood pressure, and peripheral vascular resistance, increasing the heart’s work load. Smoking causes vasoconstriction, and in areas where vessels already are narrowed by atherosclerosis, tissue oxygenation can be impaired. Recent studies suggest that moderate alcohol use may actually reduce the risk of heart disease; however, excessive alcohol intake affects oxygenation several ways. Alcohol is a respiratory depressant, slowing respiration. Alcohol abusers often are malnourished, increasing their risk of anemia and infections. Excess alcohol intake also increases the risk of hypertension. Kozier, Barbara et al. Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice, 7th Edition. p. 1339 Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 6. Sleep and Rest She usually sleeps for 6 hour. From 11pm to 5am. She said that she’s unsatisfied with it and she still feels sleepy during daytime. She sleeps earlier especially when the room is quiet. Interpretation: EE’s sleep cycle improved when she got confined to the hospital. She appears contented and shows no sign of sleep deprivation. Analysis:The sleep wake cycle is very important to young adults they usually have an active lifestyle, and are thought to require 7 to 8 hours of sleep each night but mat may do well on less. Kozier, Barbara et al. Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice, 7th Edition. p. 1116 Activities of Daily LivingBefore Hospitalization During Hospitalization Interpretation and Analysis 7. Sexual Activity She’s a lesbian, She doesn’t think of it any more. She’d rather do something else more important than thinking of it. No sexual activity Interpretation: The patient lacks fulfillment in this physiologic aspect. Her perspective detached her from performing and satisfying her sexual urges. Analysis: People experience sexual gratification in many ways, and what is considered normal differs from one individual to another and among cultures. Fundamentals of Nursing by: Taylor et al. p. 932 Physical Assessment: System Review General survey: ?Vital Signs: Temperature: 36. 9  ° via Axilla Pulse Rate: 66 bpm Respiratory Rate: 29 bpm Blood Pressure: 110/60 mmHg Pale and weak in appearance †¢Conscious, and coherent †¢Thin and slightly slouched †¢Appears depressed and shows withdrawal †¢With minimal body odor Integumentary system: †¢Pallor skin and nail beds †¢Normal skin turgor †¢With healing wounds on the forehead †¢Presence of dandruff on scalp EENT: Eyes †¢No edema or tearing †¢Black in color, equal in size, PERRLA (Pupil Equally Round Reactive to Light Accommodation) †¢Both eyes coordinated Ears: †¢With discharges on both ears- foul smelling and greenish †¢Symmetrical †¢Able to hear on both ears Nose: †¢Symmetric and straight †¢With yellowish nasal discharges Throat: †¢No complaints of difficulty in swallowing Musculoskeltal System: †¢Equal on both sides †¢weakness and flaccidity on left leg, †¢with poor ROM †¢(+) nuchal rigidity †¢No swelling and tenderness †¢No bone deformities Respiratory: †¢Equal lung symmetry †¢With equal lung expansion †¢Crakles heard upon auscultation †¢presence cough with bloody sputum, scanty in amount Cardiovascular: †¢with full pulsations †¢normal heart rate †¢no sound heard on auscultations G. I tract: †¢no diarrhea †¢no evidence of liver or spleen enlargement †¢audible bowel sounds †¢no tenderness †¢with normal bowel movement

The Creek essays

The Creek essays The name "Creek" came from the shortening of Ocheese Creek Indians a name given by the English to the native people living along the Ocheese Creek. In time, the name was given to all groups of the Native American Confederacy. All tribes living in Georgia were known to be good hunters and farmers so food was usually not a problem within the tribes. Foods ranging from coastal varieties to fruits and berries. Farmers were noted to be very good at their job. Corn, rice, and potatoes were few of the favorites, because they had large fields in their villages. Before the middle of the 16th century the Creek's controlled almost all of Georgia. At that time the Cherokee began to pressure them to move more inland. A tremendous battle occurred at, Slaughter Gap in Lumpkin County in the late 1600's. After this battle the Creek traveled to line just south of the Etowah River. A later battle in Cherokee County made the Creek south to the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, and west to the Coosa (mostly in Alabama), hence the terms Upper Creek and Lower Creek became common references to the now separate tribes. Different sections of the tribe fought on either the British or American sides. In November 1783, two minor chiefs (Tallassee and Cusseta) ceded Creek land between the Tugaloo and Apalachee Rivers. After the cession, relations between the state of Georgia and the Creek Nation worsened and on April 2, 1786, the Creek Nation declared war. Attacks against settlers on Creek land were carried out. In spite of two tries at the treaty (Shoulderbone, 1786; New York, 1790) there was no peace on the Georgia frontier until after the War of 1812. Although most of the incidents were mainly minor, settlers on the boundary between the Creek Nation and the state of Georgia were always afraid of a raid. Before the ...

Cold War Era and the Threats to American Families Essay

Cold War Era and the Threats to American Families - Essay Example For instance, when Cuba fell to Fidel Castro in 1959, they immediately got aid and support from the U.S.S.R.[Shermen, 2004, p. 17]. Likewise with a wide range of nations. In general, the Cold War became a situation where both the US and the USSR continued to expand their interests internationally, and in turn, grew their military power. Included in the growth of the military, was the expansion of nuclear arms. A nuclear bomb was first used by the US on Japan in the Second World War, and its effectiveness became the catalyst for developing these types of bombs in both the US and the USSR. The Cold War was thus synonymous with the 'arms race' [Westad, 2000, p. 207], which would eventually bankrupt the USSR. Explain the specific threats to American citizens. The US lived under the threat of nuclear bombs. These were not just in the USSR, but during that era, were the cargo for bombers constantly circling the world and also, located in allies of the USSR like Cuba. Thus, the US was under threat of being bombed and to a lesser extent, they felt they were under an ideological threat. One of the aspects of the Cold War, was the general fear that communism was expanding and within the US too.

How does a transnational approach modify New Zealand's cultural Essay

How does a transnational approach modify New Zealand's cultural history is it useful Refer to at least 3 course thems - Essay Example The Waitangi treaty recognised the British Sovereignty in NZ and also offered protection to the interests of Maori’s in their traditional lands.The preamble of this treaty in Maori spotlights the creation of a government that would safeguard the interest of tribal community rangatiratanga. As per Brooking and Rebel (1995), NZs immigration policies customarily gave preference to European settlers especially from UK , Protestant Anglo-Celtic origins. NZ due to foreigner settlements , developed a new culture that materialized over centuries of relative separation, leaving from pacific cultures and adopting into the social cultures of hapu, whanau and iwi. This research essay will discuss about the culture , media , the urban society , the missionary and literary that prevailed in New Zealand in 1950 and will analyse how transnational culture has impacted the NZs culture . Culture Cross breed between Maori and Europeans were known as Pakeha. The signing of Treaty of Waitangi can b e regarded as the founding stone of modern citizenship. The NZ was transformed into a major agricultural producer for UK due to the ingress of Pacific citizens in the late 1950s. Later , settlers from Asia also ingressed into NZ1. Maori pre-European culture was oral and footed upon small independent sub-tribes residing in harbours ,valleys , ridges and sculpted hills. Armed conflict stories are much available in the Maori tribal history.Both polygamy and cannibalism were the common features of Maori culture. Tools were made from stones which was known as pounamu and tuhua. For weaving and other purposes , flax was employed. Initial trade in these products was in the barter system. Natural resources like sea, forest and waterways were regarded as sacred and exploitation of these natural resources were under strict supervision namely tapu (holiness),and manna carried over by tohunga.(priests)2. Edward Ned Kelly was the leader of the Kelly Gang.Nel Kelly story was very popular in New Z ealand through the ballads , folklore which praised the bush proscribers as the compelling character of freedom fighters and confrontation to the British authorities in NZ. In the 19th century , bushrangers were regarded as outlaws who frightened the bush country in NZ and Australia. The kelly gang was considered to the last generation of bushrangers in NZ3. â€Å"Cinemas, TVs & Radios† As per Department of Statistics (1975), there were about 600 cinema houses and 36.4 million cinema visitors in NZ in 1950.In 1950s, cinema admission rates were 2 shillings and 10 pence whereas today it is around 9.06 dollars4. Government owned TV New Zealand channels namely TV One and TV2 is free –to-air channels whereas Australian –owned TV 3 and its music channel is in operation in NZ. Some appealing foreign films and documentaries along with Maori subtitle and locally produced programs in Maori are being telecasted through Maori TV channel in NZ. In 1950, Kiwis paid an annual licence fee of more than ? 1 to the post office as the fee for such service as radio was under the state control then. Radio Sport is very active in sports news and commentaries. Radio New Zealand broadcasts current news and cultural programms and is available all through NZ. Local gigs are being broadcasted by the bNet, the student managed radio station,and new alternative music is being broadcasted by the Auckland’s 95Bfm. Tribal radio station namely Waikato’s Radio Tainui which has the country-wide network in NZ. Further , there are other players

Chinese food in the United States( food as culture) Annotated Bibliography

Chinese food in the United States( food as culture) - Annotated Bibliography Example Furthermore, the author determines how the Chinese cuisines have shaped the American cuisines. This source utilizes both primary and secondary evidence on how Chinese food came to America. I find this source to be helpful in explaining the origin of the Chinese foods in the United States. It will help in developing a background for my topic. It will help the reader realize how this food increased in the foreign land, America. The source credibility is from the author who is a writer of different newspapers including the popular New York Times, and has experience in Chinese restaurants. In this article, Hayford explores one of the Chinese Cuisines that has become dominant in the United States. In particular, this researcher examines how â€Å"Chop Suey† went through different challenges before it was accepted in different restraints and be used by different ethnic groups. The Northerners believed that â€Å"Chop Suey† was not authentic (7). Congress laws on immigration after the World War II saw a decline in Chop Suey. As a result of education and restaurants competitiveness, this cuisine was also appreciated. Asian-Americans students use it to embrace national heritage in showing cultural fusion. However, this journal article does not provide methods used in collecting data. Fortunately, its arguments are well explained using both secondary and primary sources of data. This article will be helpful in explaining how Chinese food helps them in embracing their national heritage in the age of cultural fusion. I believe that relating Hayford integration of Chop Suey with china will help in explaining how food can identify a given nation. This article relates to Coe book, which provides history on how different Chinese foods reached the United States. The article credibility comes from the use of primary and secondary data. Also, the author is an independent scholar who has worked

Commercial Exploitation Of Intellectual Property Rights

Commercial Exploitation Of Intellectual Property Rights Nowadays, businesses need to be aware that the value of their enterprises is not based only on physical assets but also on intangible assets, and intellectual property (IP) is the key to protect the value of those assets. It has been estimated that in most technology companies, intangible assets form over 60% of their business value (Shirmon, 2006). The most recognised intellectual property protection is brand, while businesses protect their brands to enhance their value. But in the increasingly competitive environment, the success of many businesses is now based on innovation and new technology. There are four major types of IP including patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret. In general, IP is all about ideas skilfully expressed resulting in innovation and creative works (David, 2009). Innovation in technology is characterised by a process that produces a variety of goods that differ in quality and performances (Cornish, Llewelyin and Aplin, 2010). Ernfried (2003) describes the development of most technologies as an evolutionary rather than a revolutionary process (Suzanne, 2004). It can be identified as a process of creative destruction, in which new technology evolve on the ruins of their technological predecessors. In the essay, I will discuss how each IP could arise by using Psylock invention and in section two I will point out the Commercial Exploitation of IP and some criticism of Intellectual property rights (IPRs). Show me how you type, and I will tell you who you are, this is the concept of Psylock. The company Psylock develops and markets information technology solutions helping businesses to improve security on IT applications. The concept is based on keystroke biometrics technology and has been tested and certified by TÃÅ"V SÃÅ"D for functionality, data security and privacy (Psylock, 2010). Keystroke biometrics technology deals with dynamic characteristics of a persons keystroke behaviour. The system collects numerous individual characteristics such as left or right-handedness, typical typing error, the use of shift keys, dexterity, and assesses these on a person specific basis. In general, Psylock technology is a process of authorisation individuals based on their typing pattern. Applications of Psylock range from e-commerce and online banking to security for computer systems and are available for private users and enterprises (Psylock, 2010). Intellectual Property Application Patent The primary goal of the patent system is to stimulate innovation and commercialisation of technology advances. It provides economic incentives to inventors by granting them monopoly rights for a limited period, normally 20 years (David, 2008). Basically, invention patent is the most valuable and to competitors, potentially the most dangerous of all intellectual property, as it prevent all others from including any form of the invention in their products and services (Alexander, 2008). Any new machines used to manufacture Psylock products and the technology itself can be protectable with patents. A patent may be secured for the United Kingdom either through the British Office (UKIPO) or the European Patent Office (EPO), established under the European Patent Convention 1973 (EPC). Additionally patent can be register internationally through the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). An international registration could take around 41 months (WIPO, 2010). According to the Patent Act 1997, Psylock invention must meet four basic requirements in order to be granted. It must be novel. The present law requires a patented invention to be new (must not have been done before in a way that was available to the public) and may not have been disclosed in any way to the public. In other words, Psylock technology must not previously used or described in any single publication. It must involve an inventive step and non-obvious. In the EPC and the Patent Act 1997, an inventive step is considered to be present if the invention has something which is seen as an invention by an official examiner who is skilled in that subject area. It must be capable of industrial application. In other words, an invention can only be granted which can be made or used in some kind of industry, such as manufacturing, agriculture and any other commercial enterprise. In order to pass this proviso, Psylock technology also must offer some positive benefits to society. It must not fall within any of the categories of subject-matter. This category arose in 1998 when the Court of Appeal for the Federal Circuit clarified the status of business method patents (Cornish, Llewelyin and Aplin, 2010). Most company hires a registered patent attorney or agent to file their patent application. To file a provisional patent application (PPA), Psylock have to pay a filing fee including search fee and examination fee. Cost can run from 1,500 to 3,000 £ not including annual maintenance fee (APO, 2003). Copyright Copyright aims to protect artistic and literary works, such as books, photographs and phonograms. Different from patent, it gives right holders the exclusive right to copy, reproduce, distribute, perform or display their works; and copyright are not granted or issued by a federal agency, instead rights are created as soon as the work is produced (Garima and Avih, 2002). This right is much narrower than a patent, because copyright only protects expression. Copyright law also protects computer programs, user interface, and in some situation design features of manufactured products (David, 2009). Psylocks operating software uses to implement computer system with the technology and the instruction manual could be copyright protected. Under the law, protection of computer programs shall last at a minimum for fifty years, and shall include exclusive rights to rent the programs (Eland, 2008). Software protections affect openness of standards and interfaces, which could be important componen ts of Psylock competitive strategy in the IT industry. Courts have recognised a defence to a charge of copyright infringement since the 1840s, and its codified in the Copyright Act of 1976 (Eland, 2008). However, Psylock must still register their worked with the government before filing suit for infringement. If infringement occurs, Psylock can seek actual damages based on the higher of own lost of profits (Alexander, 2008). Trademarks Trademarks provide protection to the owner of the mark by ensuring the exclusive right to use it to indentify goods or services. It primarily deals with names, logo, slogan and colour, smell, virtually anything that is used to identify the source of the product distinguishes it from competitors (Garima and Avih, 2002). Trademarks are very useful in combination with inventions. For example, Psylocks logo and slogan could be trademarked. It will be a mark that clearly distinguishes Psylock products from those of his competitors, as it will be instantly recognisable by their customers. Basically, a trademark could provide brand-name recognition to products and a patent provide a tool to enforce a monopoly on its utilitarian function (Muzahidul, 2009). Since trademark right last indefinitely as long as it is been used in commerce, it can be a powerful tool of extending a monopoly, initially created by a patent (David, 2009). Trade secret Trade secret protects any confidential formula, or a piece of information which gives its holder a competitive advantage as long as it remains secret. It can include any formula, pattern, device, or compilation of information that is used in business (Suzanne, 2004). Different from patent, trade secret need not be essentially new, novel, or unique and have an unlimited life time (David, 2008). As a result, Psylock could keep source programs as a secret. Unlike all other forms of IP, trade secret allows Psylock to suppress knowledge. Nevertheless, the law encourages the sharing and sale of secrets (Eland, 2008). The court will look at several factors in determining whether information is a trade secret, including the secret holders effort to protect secrecy of the information, how widely the information is known within and outside the holders organisation and whether information provides a commercial, competitive advantage over others (David, 2008). For example, Psylock can share the secret with potential buyers under a nondisclosure agreement (Suzanne, 2004). In general, if any employees without Psylocks permission disclose or sell that trade secret to someone else, then Psylock is entitle to bring an action in court for misappropriation. Commercial Exploitation of IP Instead of commercialising the new invention by the company itself, Psylock may consider taking other ways of exploiting its Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). IPRs may be assigned, whereby the ownership in the whole or part of the right is transferred, or licences may be granted. One option is to use IP as a security for loan. Ownership of the IP, including all the exclusive rights in the IP, can be transferred to another owner for a price (Catherine, 2009). For example, in 1996, Enid Blytons copyright was sold for  £13 Million. One potential problem with selling IPRs is that Psylock will lose the ability to control how the IP is used and developed and hence, Psylock will be unable to prevent the IP from being exploited in a manner prejudicial to the interests of its stakeholders (Donald, 2010). However, parties are free to impose conditions in assignments as to reassignment in the event of certain circumstances (Catherine, 2009). As Psylock is selling security software, he can also enter into a non-exlusive licensing agreement with other IT companies in order to commericalise the invention. Licences dont transfer ownership of the IPRs and can restrict commercialisation geographically (Darrel, 2005). In general, commercialising partners will pay a royalty, fee, or dividend in return for the right to use the IP. Commercialisation may assist Psylock economic growth and can generate profit, but risks could arise from the process of commercialisation and failure to pursue commercialisation. Criticism of IP It is debatable whether IP is necessary to encourage the production of inventions. Hettinger argues that this is built on a contradiction, namely that in order to promote the development of ideas, it is necessary to reduce peoples freedom of using them. (Stephan, 2001). Simons (2006) argues that there would be more innovation, if there were no patent law because more money for research and development would be available if it were not being spent on patents and lawsuits (Brain, 2008). It is possible that companies would have an even greater incentive to innovate if they couldnt rely on a twenty year monopoly. As mention before the idea behind patents is to give the inventor exclusive rights for a limited of period to make, use or sell the invention. But there are some cases in which patents have been used to suppress innovation (Stephanie, 2001). Some companies may take out a patent, or buy someone elses patent, in order to inhibit rivals from entering the market. For example, in 1875, the US company ATT collected patents in order to ensure its monopoly on telephones. The result is that the introduction of radio was retarded for some 20 years (Brain, 2008). Charlie (2008) argues many opponents of IPRs typically support only contractual arrangements to protect ideas and innovation. Assume for example, Psylock creates a Security manual for enterprises and sell it to Company A1 and A2, with a contractual condition that each Company is obligated not to reproduce or sell a copy of the manual to a third party. Under the contract law, any buyers become liable to Psylock, if he breaches these provisions. But the advocates of the contractual approach to IP are mistaken if they believe that private contract can be used to recreate the same type of protection afforded by modern IPRs (Stephan, 2001). Patent and copyright are good against all third parties, regardless of their consent to a contract. Steven(2008) argues a contract, by contrast, binds only parties to the contract not third parties as it is like private law between individuals (Stephan, 2001). Thus if company A relates to third parties the plot of the purchase manual, these third parti es are not bound, by the original contractual obligation between Psylock and company A (Stephan, 2001). Intellectual property rights are key elements needed for companies to gain competitive advantage in their marketplace. The benefits of IPRs are multifaceted as they can assist the business in its marketing, product development, raising financial resources and expanding the existing business through licensing and franchising. However, IPR protection is purely economic. IPR laws are generally inappropriate for defending the rights of local communities. There is a conflict between intangible works and free expression and exchange of ideas. For an enterprise like Psylock, it must have a system that can minimise the opportunity cost of this trade off. A system whereby the company is secured in the knowledge that all IP are protected without infringing on someone elses IPRs. Words Count 1999

cognitive impairment :: essays research papers

A cognitive impairment means there is a change in how a person thinks, reacts to emotions, or behaves. What is going on in the body? A person can be born with a cognitive impairment. In this case, it is usually termed mental retardation. It may result from a birth injury, such as a lack of oxygen. It may also result from a defect as the baby was formed. A cognitive impairment also may occur later in life, following an injury or as part of a disease. What are the signs and symptoms of the condition? A cognitive impairment interferes with the body's normal function. The change may be minor and have little or no impact on a person's daily functioning. In other cases, the impairment may be obvious. A cognitive impairment can range from mild memory problems to exaggerated emotional reactions. It can also entail the complete inability to think independently. What are the causes and risks of the condition? A cognitive impairment may be present when a child is born, which is known as mental retardation. It may also be the result of:  · abuse of prescription medicines, chemicals, street drugs, or alcohol  · a disease, such as Alzheimer disease  · a side effect of some medicines  · a trauma such as head injury Frail, elderly people who are removed from a familiar setting often develop cognitive problems. This may occur when they go to a hospital because of illness or when they are moved to a nursing home. Depending on the cause, cognitive impairments may be temporary or permanent. What can be done to prevent the condition? Cognitive impairment can occur at any age and cannot always be prevented. However, the following measures may be helpful:  · avoiding illegal drugs  · drinking alcohol in moderation or not at all  · following sports safety guidelines for children, adolescents, and adults  · obtaining prenatal care during pregnancy  · using medicines only as directed How is the condition diagnosed? In some cases, mental retardation can be diagnosed at birth. An infant with Down syndrome, for example, is often identified by characteristic features. The diagnosis is confirmed with a chromosome analysis. Other tests used to diagnose cognitive impairments include:  · cognitive testing, which provides information about the individual's memory and thinking skills  · cranial CT scan  · cranial MRI  · spinal tap What are the long-term effects of the condition? A person with cognitive impairment can often live a nearly normal life.

Gender Segregation in ClassroomÂÂ

Gender segregation in educational institutions has been a subject of great deliberation as well as conflict. Proponents of single-sex schools give religious and orthodox arguments to assert that gender segregation is beneficial for the society on an aggregate level. However, critically evaluating the socio-economic situation of the world at present, one can very rightfully decipher that gender segregation fosters and give rise to gender disparity and inequality which is ultimately detrimental to a society in terms of development and progress. From my initial elucidation on the subject of gender segregation, it can rightly be discerned that I, keeping in view, the contemporary mode of life, is strongly in negation of gender segregation in classroom due to the fact that it gives a great chance for the gender imbalance to thrive and prosper which on the long run is extremely unhealthy for any society in modern times. One of the most important roles that can be played in correcting this state of affair is that of parents. Most of the times, it is no one else but a child's own parents who regards that their daughter/son must be taught separately without the interruption by any student of the opposite gender. Gender differences grow deeper in non-segregated schools and myths regarding men's and women's cognitive differences are highlighted more. One of the strongest reasons that underlie the negation of gender segregation in educational institutions, particularly at an initial school level, is primarily the fostering impact that it has on inequality. In his article entitled â€Å"should boys and girls be taught separately in our schools†, the author Ellie Mulcahy critically analyzes and evaluates both sides of the story; the one supporting gender segregation in schools and the one negating it. According to the author and other experts studying the same dilemma , we can assert that when boys and girls are taught separately in schools, the myths regarding men's and women's cognitive differences are highlighted and inculcated or embedded more strongly and deeply into the young minds of the students. The irony however lies in the fact that these differences have no such concrete basis and are just a form of irrational myths that has long been utilized by male chauvinists to gain advantage over the female specie. The writer further stresses that contrary to the mass believe that gender differences casts an immense impact on learning patterns or preferences, the research has not indicated or proved any such thinking (Mulcahy,2017) . This translates to the at that gender differences originated not biologically but is a result of psychological efforts to devalue a woman and disregard her rights to satisfy male ego. Furthermore, many times parents of the students think it right to segregate girls and boys in relation to the gender myths. David Holthose mentions in his article called â€Å"Gender segregation: Separate but effective?† a statement made by girl and which got affirmation from her parent too saying that girls don't question much when boys are around owing to their shyness. (Holthose,2010). This mindset of parents needs to be altered for good. In addition to this, even if some gender differences occur in learning they can possibly not be generalized and hence are subjected to some individual differences. Therefore, we can assert that co-education helps removing perceived and mythical gender differences in learning processes. Co-education helps avoiding gender stereotypes and the students learn gender fairness. David Holthouse has beautifully dealt with the subject of gender segregation in schools in his 2010 article entitled â€Å"Gender segregation: Separate but effective?†. The entire article is suffused with real life examples and testimonies and thinking of teachers, parents, students and experts and hence provides a holistic understanding of the matter. One of the parents named Mark Jones (his views being cited in the same article) regards that through this gender segregation in schools and supporting this form of education serves to support nothing but irrational ideas about gender coming from the â€Å"dark ages†. Students learn gender fairness when they study in co-educational institutions and the supposed ‘weaker gender' gets a chance to compete. The traditional â€Å"heroic behavior† and â€Å"good character† gets reinforced in single sex schools. (Holthouse,2010). By this we mean that boys in single sex schools are made to learn to be more competitive, aggressive and dominating while girls are trained to be more cooperative shy and quiet. Hence, there is more focus on reinforcing gender stereotypes which ultimately creates noncompetitive and least exposed women in future and it is due to this that the social crimes against women such as domestic violence, sexual violence, and other related crimes against women occur worldwide. The roots of such frustrations against women have a long history and schools serve as an institution where such initial judgments are formed. A stark example is given in the article when the author points out that in one specific 6th grade class in segregated school when boys were asked to brainstorm some words they were all related to action and aggressiveness and the girls were asked to imagine their â€Å"dream wedding cake† thereby indirectly telling them that they must think in the terms of gender. This ultimately keeps them away from developing any form of compassion towards opposite gender. In addition to this, boys took more STEM subjects (Science, technology, engineering and mathematics) and girls were inclined to take softer subjects such as Arts and drama and this is reinforced only in single-sex school setting. Conclusively, we can say safely assume that co-education lead students of both gender compete and remove gender specific expectation and roles.Many parents from the West as well as a lot of Muslim parents regard it good for their children especially the girls to get educated in a segregated school because of the free mixing of girls and boys in coeducational institution which can lead to teenage crimes but since this attitude depends on the nurture, children must not be segregated on the basis of this idea. Eventually they will step into a mix world and this attitude of parents will halt their interpersonal skills.Co-education prepares students to learn how to deal with opposite genders as they ultimately had to face in practical lives. Yet another reason for negating gender segregation is because of the fact that since this world is integrated and a mixture of both genders, students when practically exposed to the world won't find it difficult to settle if they have had a combined education system. Never in this century one could possibly find a road where only women are driving, or a departmental store where only men are shopping, or a club where only men are dancing and hence to survive in the corporate world, gender segregation must be dealt with opposition.The proponents of gender segregation in schools are of the view that because of the difference in the learning patterns of girls and boys, they must be segregated. This view also occurs on an online debating platform called debate.org where in order to support their stance on the subject they were of the view that to reach their maximum potential, girls and boys must be kept separately from each other's influence (Debate.org). In addition to this, the intimacies between girls and boys that occur quite easily in co-educational situations have been cited as one of the arguments against non-segregated schools. Although the latter claim by opposition might be true to some extent as seen in the increase in intimation, it can be controlled by enforcing strict rules and regulations. The former view point of segregating them on the basis of their different learning capabilities serve as a support to the already present gender inequity and discrimination faced by females in work places. Also, once they enter their professional lives, children from segregated schools find it hard to catch up with the mixed environment. According to Emily Martin, Deputy Director of the ACLU Women' Rights Program, gender segregation in schools cannot possibly boost learning by either sex because there has been no proven instance of this claim and the thinking that gender differences in cognitive patterns are there too, has no evidence whatsoever. (Holthhose, 2010. While the intimacy argument can be dealt with the inclusion of strict atmosphere in schools and schooling over maintaining a good distance amongst themselves, the opposition view of gender differences in learning only gives a toll to this social disease of gender inequality.Gender segregation must rightfully be dealt with opposition because it serves as a great propagator of gender inequality, strengthens gender myths regarding differences in the learning pattern, snatches the women right to competition and hence is detrimental to society. Therefore, coeducation must be supported so that gender integration and an ultimate success can be achieved.In the light of above arguments, it can be rightfully discerned that in order to uproot the social vices such as gender inequality and foster a modern growth and improvement in our societies, gender segregation in schools must be opposed. Since parents form a great part of their children's lives, they must treat their children openly and attend workshops or lectures where both can get a chance to work out the conflicts regarding this and enjoy the eventual enlightenment and benefits of it.ReferencesShould schools be segregated by gender? (n.d.). Retrieved February 08, 2018, from http://www.debate.org/opinions/should-schools-be-segregated-by-genderHolthouse, D. (2010). Gender Segregation: Separate but Effective? Teaching Tolerence Issue 36.Retrived from: https://www.tolerance.org/magazine/spring-2010/gender-segregation-separate-but-effectiveMulchay,E.(2017). Should boys and girls be taught separately in our schools? The Guardian ,Opinions. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jul/14/gender-segregation-state-schools-disaster-damage-children

Biography of Ken Mattingly, Apollo and Shuttle Astronaut

Biography of Ken Mattingly, Apollo and Shuttle Astronaut NASA Astronaut Thomas Kenneth Mattingly II was born in Illinois on March 17, 1936, and raised in Florida. He attended Auburn University, where he earned a degree in aeronautical engineering. Mattingly joined the United States Navy in 1958 and earned his aviator wings flying from aircraft carriers until 1963. He attended Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School and was selected as an astronaut in 1966. Mattingly Goes to the Moon Mattinglys first flight to space was aboard the Apollo 16 mission, on April 16, 1972, of which he served as commander. But this wasnt supposed to be his first Apollo mission. Mattingly was originally been scheduled to fly aboard the ill-fated Apollo 13 but was swapped out at the last minute with Jack Swigert after being exposed to measles. Later, when the mission was aborted due to an explosion in a fuel tank, Mattingly was one of the ground crew who worked around the clock to devise a fix that would save the Apollo 13 astronauts and bring them back safely to Earth. Mattinglys lunar trip was the next-to-last crewed moon mission, and during that time, his crewmates John Young and Charles Duke landed in the lunar highlands for a geology expedition to extend our knowledge  of the surface. One unexpected part of the mission became a legend among the astronauts. On the way to the Moon, Mattingly lost his wedding ring somewhere in the spacecraft. In the weightless environment, it simply floated away after he took it off. He spent most of the mission desperately searching for it, even during the hours that Duke and Young were on the surface. All to no avail, until, during a spacewalk on the way home, Mattingly caught sight of the ring floating out to space through the open capsule door. Eventually, it smacked into Charlie Dukes head (who was busy working on the experiment and didnt know it was there). Fortunately, it took a lucky bounce and rebounded back to the spacecraft, where Mattingly was able to catch it and safely return it to his finger. The mission lasted from April 16-27 and resulted in new mapping data of the Moon as well as information from 26 different experiments conducted, in addition to the ring rescue. Career Highlights at NASA Prior to his Apollo missions, Mattingly was part of the support crew for the Apollo 8 mission, which was a precursor to the Moon landings. He also trained as backup command pilot for Apollo 11 landing mission before being assigned to Apollo 13. When the explosion occurred on the spacecraft on its way to the Moon, Mattingly worked with all the teams to come up with solutions for the problems faced by the astronauts onboard. He and others drew on their experiences in simulators, where the training crews were confronted with different disaster scenarios. They improvised solutions based on that training to come up with a way to save the crew and develop a carbon dioxide filter to clear their atmosphere during the trip back home. (Many people know of this mission thanks to the movie of the same name.) Once Apollo 13 was safely home, Mattingly stepped into a management role for the upcoming space shuttle program and began training for his flight aboard Apollo 16. After the Apollo era, Mattingly flew aboard the fourth flight of the first space shuttle, Columbia. It was launched on June 27, 1982, and he was the commander for the trip. He was joined by Henry W. Hartsfield, Jr. as the pilot. The two men studied the effects of temperature extremes on their orbiter and operated a number of science experiments installed in the cabin and payload bay. The mission was successful, despite the need for a quick in-flight repair of a so-called Getaway Special experiment, and landed on July 4, 1982. The next and last mission Mattingly flew for NASA was aboard Discovery in 1985. It was the first classified mission flown for the Department of Defense, from which a secret payload was launched. For his Apollo work, Mattingly was awarded a NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1972. During his career at the agency, he logged 504 hours in space, which includes 73 minutes of extravehicular activity. Post-NASA Ken Mattingly retired from the agency in 1985 and from the Navy the following year, with the rank of rear admiral. He began working at Grumman on the companys space station support programs before becoming Chairman of Universal Space Network. He next took a job with General Dynamics working on Atlas rockets. Eventually, he left that company to work for Lockheed Martin with a focus on the X-33 program. His latest job has been with Systems Planning and Analysis, a defense contractor in Virgina and San Diego. He has received multiple awards for his work, which range from NASA medals to Department of Defense-related service medals. He is honored with an entry at New Mexicos International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo.

Free Essays on Chiropractors

Using basic herbs for medicinal purposes? Never! Most general practitioners would balk. Dating back to the times of the Neanderthal man, living off the land also meant healing off of it. â€Å"Chiropractors use natural medicines to promote general well being and to increase immunities† (Klein). Through the neurological system, parts of the body are connected that wouldn’t be expected. By using this information, Chiropractors can heal a multitude of problems and illnesses. Once very rare in the United States, there are now over 50,000 practicing Chiropractors. Despite being considered an alternative approach to health care, a license is still required to practice in the United States, or anywhere else for that matter. To achieve this, at least two years of college classes (an associates degree) is a prerequisite, but a full four years (a bachelor’s degree) allows a head start. After the undergraduate work is completed, the prospective Chiropractor would apply to and attend Chiropractic school, which can last anywhere from three to six years. During Chiropractic school, anatomy is studied intensely, along with other pertinent subjects. Once licensed and thrown into the working field, Chiropractors can earn anywhere from $20,000 to $200,000, depending on location and clientele base (Workers, 442-443). Chiropractic care, as we know it today, wasn’t established until 1895 by Daniel D. Palmer. He was said to believe that â€Å"deviations of the spinal column, or subluxations, were the cause of practically all diseases and that Chiropractic adjustments was the cure† (Workers, 441). He wasn’t the first to think this way. Dating as far back as 2700 BC, Chinese healers used a method very similar to the ones used to day. Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, is recorded around 400 BC having used spinal manipulation to heal ailments in other areas of the body. Some other lesser known people are Galen, a renowned G... Free Essays on Chiropractors Free Essays on Chiropractors Using basic herbs for medicinal purposes? Never! Most general practitioners would balk. Dating back to the times of the Neanderthal man, living off the land also meant healing off of it. â€Å"Chiropractors use natural medicines to promote general well being and to increase immunities† (Klein). Through the neurological system, parts of the body are connected that wouldn’t be expected. By using this information, Chiropractors can heal a multitude of problems and illnesses. Once very rare in the United States, there are now over 50,000 practicing Chiropractors. Despite being considered an alternative approach to health care, a license is still required to practice in the United States, or anywhere else for that matter. To achieve this, at least two years of college classes (an associates degree) is a prerequisite, but a full four years (a bachelor’s degree) allows a head start. After the undergraduate work is completed, the prospective Chiropractor would apply to and attend Chiropractic school, which can last anywhere from three to six years. During Chiropractic school, anatomy is studied intensely, along with other pertinent subjects. Once licensed and thrown into the working field, Chiropractors can earn anywhere from $20,000 to $200,000, depending on location and clientele base (Workers, 442-443). Chiropractic care, as we know it today, wasn’t established until 1895 by Daniel D. Palmer. He was said to believe that â€Å"deviations of the spinal column, or subluxations, were the cause of practically all diseases and that Chiropractic adjustments was the cure† (Workers, 441). He wasn’t the first to think this way. Dating as far back as 2700 BC, Chinese healers used a method very similar to the ones used to day. Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, is recorded around 400 BC having used spinal manipulation to heal ailments in other areas of the body. Some other lesser known people are Galen, a renowned G...

Social Penetration Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Penetration Theory - Essay Example Typically, most of the friendships rarely go past this stage. Thirdly, the relationship moves to the affective stage where private matters are discussed, and arguments may arise. Physical closeness and intimate touching occasion it. After this stage, the relationship graduates to stability. This is the plateau on which private matters are deeply exhibited each of the involved parties can envisage the expressive response of each other (Altman $ Taylor, 1973). Lastly, depenetration may arise if the costs outdo the benefits accruing from the relationship (Altman $ Taylor, 1973). This theory is well illustrated in music lyrics involving a love story line. The artist first introduces the characters and briefly gives a scenario of how they met. He then describes how they developed an interest in each other and superficial interaction, which is not personal. It is inferentially based on discussion of general issues such as education, economy among others. Later, the artist narrates how intimacy grew between the characters and how they handle arguments and criticism. Lastly, the artist climaxes the lyrics by recounting the aftermath of the relationship; that is if the association survived or depenetrated. In applying the theory in the film titled â€Å"Jack Reacher,† the main character, Reacher, approaches Helen, who is an attorney to a murder suspect. Reacher believes that the suspect is innocent and tries to create rapport with the attorney by making a casual appearance in her office.

Macroeconomics Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Macroeconomics Analysis - Essay Example This is after the government incentives towards installation of solar panels as a way of reducing environmental pollution and provides a cheap source of energy. However, this project draws a great attention to the macroeconomics Analysis, its resultant outcomes and impacts to the economy. Generally, the beginning of the whole project will impact on the GDP. GDP simply refers to Gross Domestic Product, which is the monitory value of the goods and services produced within a country at a particular period of time, probably one year. The GDP comprises of the domestic consumption - the consumer spending, government spending, sum of the county’s business and the total net exports. There will be a general increase in the GDP of the country. On the introduction of the solar panel project, many industries will emerge to produce the solar panels. This will give an additional product in the list of goods produced within the country. A production of excess of the panels will also add to the country’s exports. The government, because it is its initiative to run the project, will also invest in the solar panel project. Many people will also be motivated to get the solar panels installed on their roofs, hence spending on the project. The whole project will create an expansion in the service industry. People, the likes of Cindy will specialise installation of the solar panels. The same specialists may also export their services to other countries who are importing the solar panels. The product of solar panels in substitution to the electricity among other sources of energy will come with intensive support and high demand in the local, domestic and international markets. This demand will be as a result of the product being cheap. Comparing the purchase, installation and maintenance of the solar energy among other types of energy such as generators and