Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Marketing plan â⬠Huawei Essay
This marketing plan is specially measured to the company Huawei. Huawei is an international company which produces devices for telecommunication, with their phones being the most important product. Their vision is to deliver electronic communicating solutions to make the life of their consumers better. This marketing plan is requested by Huawei to find a way to accelerate the sales of Huaweiââ¬â¢s phones internationally, with a targeted 10% raise in market share in Europe. In this report the proposition of the marketing plan can be found, with specific data about the different subjects and explanation of a market winning approach. We will start by analysing the company and the environment, to define the SWOT of the organization. Afterwards we will introduce these conclusions into a matrix where it will be visible what the companyââ¬â¢s best aspects are. Then we will choose strategic options and further instruct on the matter. Next, we will create a mix of strategic marketing as pects that will further help to develop the importance on how and where to place the advertisements and stores and so on. Finally, a financial analysis will be done in order to predict the costs Huawei is going to make on this venture, and whether or not their new mission seems feasible. This report has been created by Quirijn, Ruben, Robbert, Amine and Erim. Management summary This marketing plan gives answers to the question whether it is feasible for Huawei to increase brand awareness in Europe by launching a market campaign and to increase market share with 10% within 4 years. The research phase had various angles. Based on micro, macro and meso level some interesting strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are revealed. The most important ones are: (Strength )Huawei has a great cost advantages in comparison with the competition. (Weakness) Inability to maintain high quality professional service and sales support in western markets (Opportunity) Huawei offers low priced phones, which can be very attractive for people affected by the financial crisis. (Threat) A lot of competition in the western markets. The internal analysis consist out of various models. The canvas model was created to analyse Huawei as a company. Within the BCG-matrix, Huaweiââ¬â¢s smartphones are placed as a question mark. And the computed Abell matrix shows that Huawei targets students and the most important need is the price and the most important technologies are calling and texting, internet and connectivity. On external level a survey is conducted within this marketing plan. The most striking result is from the question; ââ¬Å"Do you know Huawei?â⬠. 53% of the surveyed audience was not aware of what Huawei is as a brand. Within the Meso level, Porterââ¬â¢s five forces is analysed. The most important findings are: The power of the customers is not particular strong. The threat of new entrants is not very impactful as Apple and Samsung are the undisputed leaders. If done right the power of substitutes can have an impact on the market. There is no threat in the power of the suppliers Huawei operates within a highly competitive market, the rivalry is massive. After doing research on 5 strategies, the best strategy proven is the low-cost strategy. The reason it is a perfect match for Huawei is because they are able, because of their cost-saving combined with their excellent financial situation, to sell their products for a lot less than the competition The BCG matrix is an analytical tool for companies to evaluate their business units and their business potential. With help from this matrix Huawei can create and adapt marketing strategies, product strategies and more, all to help the strategic management of a company. The BCG matrix connects a companyââ¬â¢s market share with a companyââ¬â¢s growth rate. The model is divided into four areas, the stars, dogs, cash cows and question marks. Huawei and its mobile phones are placed in the box of question marks. Itââ¬â¢s put in this box because of the fact that the worldwide market share of Huaweiââ¬â¢s mobile phone is relatively low, and the market growth rate, again worldwide, is relatively high, with expanding markets all over the world. Market leaders already have established and a lot of companies operate in this market, but because of the wide and depth of the mobile market there is still a lot of potential for Huawei. In the coming time they will find out if their question mark can become a star. Abell model The Abell model is a model for seeing in what kind of market a company operates. With segments, needs and technologies there is a quick overview of what a company or a product is about. The Abell matrix for smart phone Huawei Students, young starters and parents are the main segments that Huawei is targeting, excluding senior citizens and children. The most important needs are the price of the phone, together with its appearance and the quality. Convenience is important but not a main objective. The technologies specific to the phone are being able to call and text, having internet, and being able to connect all around the world. Interactive display and such, are also not the main objective. Strengths & Weaknesses Strengths 1. Huawei has very strong financial position. Being financial healthy means that they can investment and start new projects. 2. They have great cost advantages in comparison with the competition, this allows them to produce against low prices and have low production costs. 3. Because of these great cost advantages Huawei is able to sell products against relatively low prices. This gives them a huge competitive benefit 4. Huawei has high brand recognition and is rapidly increasing their brand awareness in their new markets, such as Europe, which gives them fast closure to the big brands. 5. Superior technologies enable Huawei to come with fast efficient solutions, and gives the whole company effective process. 6. Huawei has a very high customer loyalty. Customers are satisfied and keep their preference for the brand, which allows Huawei to focus more on finding new customers. 7. R&D is a very strong department within Huawei technologies, having R&D centres all over the world, to create products that are needed by every person all over the world. 8. Their market share in the African markets is very high and Huawei invests a lot here, which pays off with a high return rate. 9. Huawei has a broad range in products, which give them the beneficial ability to provide end-to-end solutions, keeping more customer processes inside Huawei. 10. They have a strong connection with the Chinese government, which helps them to maintain their number one position in China. Weaknesses 1. the supply chain of Huawei has a lot of flaws, with late and insufficient deliveries occurring. This is partly because of the high amount of products and the market penetration in the US and Europe. 2. the customer service is not what it should be, not dealing with customer complaints properly, mainly because there starting services in Europe and the lack of integration with supporting services. 3. Inability to maintain high quality professional services and sales support in Western markets. 4. Except for China, Huawei lacks the strong global physical presence that a company needs to establish itself as a true market leader. 5. contracts with the most important and biggest server providers are not optimal, which prevents an efficient integration between product and server. 6. Huawei excels at telecommunication, but does not have much experience in their new services, and does not have the same knowledge to overcome difficulties that some of their big competitors do. 7. The brand image of Huawei is mostly focused on their mobile process and selling, and customers are on a large scale unaware of the other practices of the company 8. employee satisfaction is high within Huawei, but a lot of complaints arise from workers that operate in Huaweiââ¬â¢s supply chain, which has a negative effect on how ethical Huawei is. 9. Huawei still depends on their low-pricing strategy, and has no alternative selling strategyââ¬â¢s for their products. 10. Huaweiââ¬â¢s ties to the Chinese government are a strength, but is at the same time a weakness, as it complicates creating relationships with other specific governments, such as the US. MESO analysis Meso SWOT Strength: R&D, patent ownership, growing their innovative and advanced technological products which have earned their global recognition Weaknesses: Lack in transparency and image of secrecy, worrying companies and governments who might otherwise trust the brand to protect valuable security information. Huawei has failed to understand the US legal system and market demands, as well as its image as a risk to national security which has resulted in its failed acquisitions. Opportunities: Continued innovations and technology advances. The continued growth and expansion of technology usage and literacy offer both brands unlimited growth opportunities, so long as they stay ahead of the competition though continued improvement. Threats: R&D takes time, if the competition provides solutions first, the brand will struggle to compete. Development in this industry is simply risky as the business relies upon continued growth of the internet and internet-based-systems. Merger and acquisitions ha ve no assurance and are inherently risky, particularly in this industry due to the advanced, high-technology companies with particularly high overhead and sunk costs. Global politics and exchange rates are also a threat to international trade as a whole. Porterââ¬â¢s five forces Now that Huawei is entering the European market there are certain things to take note of. Porterââ¬â¢s Five Forces helps us define which types of pressures could be present that have to be identified before entering a competitive market like the smartphone business Huawei is entering on a regional scale. Power of customers The power of customers in the particular market is not that strong. There isnââ¬â¢t a lot of influence into the product directly by the consumers. Whatever features are implemented into the product is similar to those of the competition, and is mostly influenced by the R&D departments. So the customers will mostly decide on preference of design or depending on the price that is being offered. Altogether there are not endless choices for the customers to choose between. This means that the customers simply donââ¬â¢t have the power to strongly influence the market by demanding critical changes from a product or brand. Power of new entrants The threat of new entrants is also not very impactful for the market Huawei is entering. This is especially due to the reason that it takes a certain brand awareness to convince a large number of the (potential) buyers into buying the new product they are bringing to the market. However, when this product is offering a whole range of new features or improvements that seem very attractive, this may threaten the existing products on the market, making them harder to promote against a superior product. But in almost any case it doesnââ¬â¢t seem feasible to go up against popular brands like Apple and Samsung. This means that, overall, new entrants arenââ¬â¢t expected to be a huge threat. Power of substitutes Huawei is financially very strong and strives for operational excellence in which they score relatively high already. This means that they are able to offer considerably low prices compared to competitive brands on the market. At the same time they are able to offer stylish designs and similar features to other brands. This means that Huawei is able to give consumers a choice that they will most likely not regret, but before they do so they are going to have to decide to trust Huawei into offering them a worthy product. The marketing campaign must show the difference Huawei is bringing to the market, and with that they have to convince the consumers of something worth buying. This will prove difficult however, due to the fact that a lot of people have already been convinced by the flashy designs of Apple for instance. The brand is already widely-known and both Apple and Samsung enjoy a great deal or the market share today. This means that eventually the power of substitutes is rather high at this point and probably the biggest problem on the board for Huawei. Power of suppliers The power of suppliers doesnââ¬â¢t have to be seen as a threat to Huawei. They are importing from their region of origin, namely South-East Asia. They enjoy low labor and production costs overall, which goes in combination with high efficiency meaning they are able to keep costs very low. There are many different suppliers for the raw materials that needed for the production process which also lowers the power of the suppliers. Rivalry Eventually the market proves to be a highly competitive one, especially if we start talking about Apple and Samsung who are highly involved in the mix. They are offering high quality products, one for relatively high and one for relatively low prices. They have similar features but some small differences, mostly in handling the device. It mostly comes down to the design of a smartphone, as almost all brands offer pretty much the same features. This means that the product with the strongest marketing campaign offering the flashiest design will most likely hit the jackpot and win the hearts of most customers which means that this is going to be very challenging for Huawei to compete against. So basically the market growth is rather high as technology development is an ongoing process and there are several key players in the market meaning that they are calling the shots. Huawei has to gain trust in potential customers and attract them by offering as flashy as the newest model Apple has brought to the market, and give it some extra features in order to make the difference.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
How to Survive Your Admissions Interview
How to Survive Your Admissions Interview Getting into a private school isnt as simple as just deciding to go. You must apply, which means youre going to need to submit an application, take a testà and prepare for the admission interview.à Why? Because schools want to get to know you in person to see how you will fit into their community. They have your transcripts, recommendations, and test scores to giveà them a profile of your abilities. But, they also want to see the person behind all those stats and achievements. Check out these 12 tips on how to survive your admission interview: 1. Plan Ahead The interview is important, so make sure you schedule one well in advance of the interview deadlines. This also gives you time to prepare for the interview and review some potential interview questions that might be asked of you, and give you a chance to come up with some potential questions to ask your interviewer. 2. Take a Deep Breath and Relax An admission interviewà can beà stressful, but theres nothing to worry about. Dont be scared and dont worry about how you look or what they will ask you; we have tips to help you with all of that. Remember: almost everybody is nervous at an interview. The admissions staff know this and will do their best to make you feel comfortable, at ease and as relaxed as possible. The trick is to not let your nerves get the better of you. Use your nerves to give you that natural edge and alertness you need to present yourself in the best light possible. 3. Be Yourself Be on your best behavior, socially speaking, but be yourself. While we all want to put our best foot forward when we interview, its important to remember that schools want to get to know you, not some perfectly poised robotic version of you that you think the interviewer wants to see.à Think positively. As a rule, the school will be trying to sell itself to you as much as you are trying to sell yourself to it. 4. Leave the Technology Behind Always turn off your cell phone, iPad and other devices before you go into the interview and put them away. It is rude to text or read messages or playing games during an interview. Even your smartwatch can be a distraction, so take a temporary hiatus from technology during your interview, which usually lasts only about 30 minutes. To avoid the temptation, leave your devices behind with your parents in the waiting room (and make sure the sound is off!).à 5. Make a Good First Impression From the first moment you step foot on campus, remember that you want to make a good first impression. Greet people you meet openly, looking them in the eye, shaking hands, and saying hello. Dont whisper, dont stare at the ground and dont slouch. Good posture makes a strong impression. That goes for the interview itself, too. Sit up tall in your chair and dont jitter or fidget. Dont bite your nails or pull at your hair, and never chew gum. Be polite and respectful. Please and thank you are always appreciated and go a long way to indicating respect for authority and your elders and even your peers, should you meet other students. 6. Dress for Success Its common for students to ask, What should I wear to my private school interview? Lets remember that youre applying to private school, and most schools have strict dress codes and high standards for their students. You cant roll up to the interview looking like you just fellà out of bed and couldnt care less about the experience. Wear comfortable clothes appropriate for the occasion. Look up the schools dress code and do your best to align. You dont have to go out and buy the uniform itself if they have one, but make sure youre dressing appropriately. For girls, opt for a plain blouse and skirt or slacks, or a nice dress, and shoes that arent sneakers or flip flops. Use minimal makeup and accessories. Keep your hairstyle simple. Remember that youre applying to school, not to walk the runway. For boys, opt for a plain shirt, slacks and shoes (no sneakers) work for most situations. There is nothing wrong with expressing your individuality. Just make sure that the way you express it is appropriate. 7. Be Honest Dont lie or panic. If you dont know the answer to the interviewers question, say so. Look her in the eye and admit that you do not know the answer. Similarly, if she asks you a question you dont want to answer, dont avoid it. For example, if she asks why you failed algebra, explain why that happened and what you are doing about it. Showing that youre willing to own a mistake or problem and are actively working to fix it can go a long way. If attending their school is part of your strategy for improvement, say so. Honesty is an admirable personal quality which schools prize in an applicant.à Give truthful answers. If you are not a top student, admit it and tell the interviewer how you plan to achieve better results. Remember, they will see your transcript! Interviewers like to see an honest appraisal of ones strengths and weaknesses. If you can point to some challenge you had in your school work, for example, not understanding quadratic equations, and how you overcame that, you will impress the interviewer with your positive attitude and approach to life. This goes back to being honest. If you are honest and truthful, you will learn more and learn more easily. 8. Ask Questions Ask questions about the school, its programs, and facilities. Find out how it can help you achieve your goals. Determine as best you can how the schools philosophy meshes with yours.à Dont feel like you should ask questions just to ask, but instead, be sure to cover the topics you and your parents want to know more about. For example, you may be an avidà linguist who wants to study Mandarin. Ask in-depth questions about the Chinese Studies program, its faculty and so on. Its also important to do your research before the interview though. Dont show up asking if they have a soccer team; thats the kind of information you can easily find online. Also, dont ask a question that was already answered earlier in the interview. That shows youre not paying attention. You can, however, ask for more details about something you talked about earlier. 9. Payà Attention Listen carefully to the questions being asked and what is being said. Is what you are hearing what you want to hear or is the school just not suitable for you? You will get a feel for that early in the interview. The last thing you want to do is zone out during the interview and not know what the interviewer said.à 10. Be Thoughtful Think before you answer. Avoid mannerisms such as like and you know. Careless speech patterns can indicate a lack of discipline and general sloppiness. Standard business English is always acceptable. That does not mean that you have to repress your personality. If you are a free spirit, let that side of you show. Communicate clearly and convincingly. Make your points without being rude or overbearing. 11. Reflect When the interview is over, record your observations and compare these with your parents. Both of you will want to discuss these observations with your consultant later. Those recollections are important because they help determine which school is the best fit for you. 12. Follow Up Its important to follow up with your interviewer once its over. If theres time, send a handwritten thank you note to your interviewer. It will speak volumes for your ability to follow through and your personal sincerity. It doesnt need to be long, just a quick note thanking your interviewer for the meeting and perhaps reminding him of why you want to attend the school. If youre short on time, an email is a suitable alternative if youre on a fast track for decisions with limited time between the interview and decisions.
Monday, October 21, 2019
Free Essays on Survival Of The Fittest Shown In Londonââ¬â¢s The Call Of The Wild
Survival of the Fittest Shown in Londonââ¬â¢s The Call of The Wild Thesis statement: In The Call of The Wild, Jack London demonstrates the survival of the fittest through his depiction of Buckââ¬â¢s experiences with the drivers of the sled, with the different rules of the North, and with the wolf pack. I. Introduction of paper A. Influences for work B. Thesis of paper II. Drivers of the sled A. How Buck survived B. What Buck learned III. Rules of the Northland A. What Buck learned B. What Buck gained IV. Pack of wolves A. How Buck survived B. What Buck gained V. Conclusion of paper A. Restatement of thesis B. Summary of main points C. Sentence of emphasis Survival of the Fittest Shown Londonââ¬â¢s The Call of The Wild In 1897 Jack London ventured into the Klondike in hopes of finding gold. London found no gold, but he did come back with ideas for his most popular novel, The Call of The Wild (Ashley np). In The Call of The Wild, London relived his Yukon adventures (Flink 124). For example, Flink states that London describes himself through Buck, the main character. Likewise, Buck and London even share similar experiences. For example, in The Call of The Wild when Buck is being captured, he ââ¬Å"accepted the rope quite dignityâ⬠(London 20). At a young age London was arrested. He allowed himself to be jailed because he, like Buck, thought he would be set free. He ended up being imprisoned for thirty days. London drew from these experiences of being held captive to write his works (Flink 121). In addition, London was a social Darwinist, meaning he believed that only the strongest or more fit can survive (Allen np). Consequently, London demonstrates the survival of the fittest through his depiction of Buckââ¬â¢s experiences with the drivers of the sled, with the different rules of the North, and with the wolf pack in The Call of The Wild. Buck gets his first chance to s... Free Essays on Survival Of The Fittest Shown In Londonââ¬â¢s The Call Of The Wild Free Essays on Survival Of The Fittest Shown In Londonââ¬â¢s The Call Of The Wild Survival of the Fittest Shown in Londonââ¬â¢s The Call of The Wild Thesis statement: In The Call of The Wild, Jack London demonstrates the survival of the fittest through his depiction of Buckââ¬â¢s experiences with the drivers of the sled, with the different rules of the North, and with the wolf pack. I. Introduction of paper A. Influences for work B. Thesis of paper II. Drivers of the sled A. How Buck survived B. What Buck learned III. Rules of the Northland A. What Buck learned B. What Buck gained IV. Pack of wolves A. How Buck survived B. What Buck gained V. Conclusion of paper A. Restatement of thesis B. Summary of main points C. Sentence of emphasis Survival of the Fittest Shown Londonââ¬â¢s The Call of The Wild In 1897 Jack London ventured into the Klondike in hopes of finding gold. London found no gold, but he did come back with ideas for his most popular novel, The Call of The Wild (Ashley np). In The Call of The Wild, London relived his Yukon adventures (Flink 124). For example, Flink states that London describes himself through Buck, the main character. Likewise, Buck and London even share similar experiences. For example, in The Call of The Wild when Buck is being captured, he ââ¬Å"accepted the rope quite dignityâ⬠(London 20). At a young age London was arrested. He allowed himself to be jailed because he, like Buck, thought he would be set free. He ended up being imprisoned for thirty days. London drew from these experiences of being held captive to write his works (Flink 121). In addition, London was a social Darwinist, meaning he believed that only the strongest or more fit can survive (Allen np). Consequently, London demonstrates the survival of the fittest through his depiction of Buckââ¬â¢s experiences with the drivers of the sled, with the different rules of the North, and with the wolf pack in The Call of The Wild. Buck gets his first chance to s...
Sunday, October 20, 2019
3 Variations of Misplaced Modifiers
3 Variations of Misplaced Modifiers 3 Variations of Misplaced Modifiers 3 Variations of Misplaced Modifiers By Mark Nichol When information is added to the main clause of a sentence to provide more detail, whether it is inserted directly or parenthetically, careful placement enhances comprehension. In each of the following sentences, modifying phrases are clumsily included. Discussion after each example explains the problem, and a revision demonstrates a solution. 1. Smith played Bozo the Clown from 1959 to 1970, a clown character particularly popular in the U.S. in the 1960s because of widespread franchising in television. This sentenceââ¬â¢s subordinate clause, which describes Bozo the Clown, follows not that epithet but rather a range of years, but the proper syntactical location for such a modifying phrase is immediately after its referent: ââ¬Å"From 1959 to 1970, Smith played Bozo the Clown, a clown character particularly popular in the U.S. in the 1960s because of widespread franchising in television.â⬠2. Jones admitted he was nervous after his botched skating routine. Here, the suggestion is that only after Smith finished the skating routine did he become nervous, but the intent of the sentence is to express that Smithââ¬â¢s state of nervousness before the routine contributed to his poor performance. The admission, not the nervousness, is what followed the routine, and the word order should clearly represent this fact: ââ¬Å"Smith admitted after his botched skating routine that he had been nervous.â⬠3. Researchers found that face-to-face interactions contributed to a sense of well-being rather than contacts via computer. Here, the syntax represents a sense of well-being and contacts via computer as possible outcomes of face-to-face interactions, but it is face-to-face interactions and contacts via computer that contribute to a sense of well-being. To clarify the relationships between the three phrases, the two forms of communication must be mentioned consecutively in counterpoint, with the outcome clearly distinguished at the end of the sentence: ââ¬Å"Researchers found that face-to-face interactions, rather than contacts via computer, contributed to a sense of well-being.â⬠Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?36 Poetry Terms50 Synonyms for ââ¬Å"Villainââ¬
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Illustrating your answer with specific examples, evaluate the impact Essay
Illustrating your answer with specific examples, evaluate the impact of structural adjustment programmes on agriculture in southern Africa - Essay Example They encourage balanced budgets by increasing taxes and reducing government spending on essential services like education, health and elimination of subsidies. They also encourage production of goods for export as opposed to consumption and also imports. The market is controlled by demand and supply and not the government even where intervention is required in order to stabilize prices. These structural policies were supposed to develop the economies of developing countries but less or no achievements have been made. They have discouraged private investors or made them to be monopolies hence straining the poor. The standard of living of member states has deteriorated due to high prices as a result of currency devaluation and lack of price controls. It has also contributed to poverty, unemployment due to reduced investments, and environmental degradation due to overemphasis on cash crop production among others (Holden, 1997). Environmental degradation is a hindrance to agricultural development. Agriculture has further been hindered by removal of subsidies on inputs such as fertilizer and entrance of subsidized imports from European markets as well as lack of credit for agriculture expansion. This paper is a critique of the impact of structural adjustment programmes on agriculture in Southern Africa. Agriculture is the backbone of most economies in Africa. Many countries engage in food crop production for subsistence, livestock farming and cash crop farming as a foreign exchange earner. Bryceson (1995) observes that agriculture is mostly considered as the practice for women and children as men engage in formal careers or sometimes cash crop production. Many factors affect agricultural activities leading to poor yields, hunger and malnutrition. These include; climate change, cost of farm inputs like fertilizer, market accessibility, land tenure, land degradation and health of workers among others. The southern African
Friday, October 18, 2019
American Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8
American Government - Essay Example All these ads were by the candidates running for the election and all three were coming from Iowa and North Hampshire. All candidates with the exception of few are sure to win the nominations and even the elections for the next President of US. It has been unanimously agreed by the intellectuals that negative advertising may not be the good thing as it tend to pollute the environment. It is not only unfair but also creates cynicism about politics and therefore may not be the right thing for the society to experience. However, it may not be always the case; negative advertising can result into better things. Every candidate has the weaknesses and it is always expected that opposition candidates would find those weak points to attack the candidates and engage into sort of any negative campaigning against each other. One criticism of negative ads is that they can be fairy inaccurate but positive ads can be inaccurate too. An unfair ad always meets with the opposition from other candidates and in order to sustain, an inaccurate ad need to sustain the onslaught from the other members. Sometimes, public even respond negatively to the ads and those engaging into negative campaigning can end up at the receiving ends and other candidates can take advantage of the negative ad campaign. Advertising cannot always be decisive in nature and other important things also matter too in the elections. Debate is one of the things which can actually help candidates to actually prevail over each other even in the presence of negative ad campaigns. One of the criticisms by the high minded people about the negative ads is that they can actually erode the confidence of Americans in the institutions which America once held as one of its finest achievements. However, data indicates that last time Americans actually showed some sort of
Business Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Business Communications - Essay Example Nonverbally, smiles, head nods, focused eye contact, and facial expressiveness work well (Knapp and Vangelisti 2004). It is possible to say that nonverbal communication is more important to American audience because of cultural and social diversity. All cultures and nations have different behavior patterns and communication patterns which influence their perception of the information and interpretation of the environment. Non-verbal communication can be interpreted differently by different cultural and religious groups (Gesteland, 1999). First, the vast majority of nonverbal behaviors is intuitive and is based on normative rules. Except for behaviors such as good manners or etiquette, little formal training is provided for nonverbal communication. For instance, eye contact may indicate a liking for the other person. It also serves as simultaneous communication because eye contact allows people to send and receive messages at the same time (Knapp and Vangelisti 2004). According to cultural traditions, Muslim women avoid direct eye contact while Europeans interpret this behavior as impolite and suspi cious. In Japan and China, status and power are shown by eye contact. In meetings, organizational members with the most power will be looked at more often.
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